13. Занятия 21, 22

Грамматика: времена группы Perfect Active и Passive; сложноподчиненные предложения, неопределенные местоимения и их производные

Цель занятий: ознакомить с правилами образования времен группы Perfect Active и Passive; видами сложноподчиненных предложений в английском языке; значениями неопределенных местоимений some, any, no и их производными; научить дифференцировать времена групп Simple, Continuous и Perfect; тренировать в употреблении изученных грамматических явлений в письменной и устной речи.

На занятиях осуществляется работа с грамматическим материалом раздела: вводятся грамматические темы времена группы Perfect Active и Passive; виды сложноподчиненные предложения, неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные (Грамматический справочник, приложение): выполняются упражнения 9-16 по учебнику Т.Ю. Поляковой «Английский язык для инженеров», стр. 98-101; упражнения 14, 15, 16 (Б), стр. 127-129

Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите типы придаточных предложений.

1. I asked him if he knew that man.

2. A library is a place where books are kept.

3. She cooks the turkey exactly as my mother did.

4. As he was tired he preferred to stay at home.

5. Since you are all here we may begin our talk.

6. Although the weather was bad, he went for a walk.

7. Provided they are specialists in the field they will help us solve our problem.

8. Ben got a bad mark for he hadn’t prepared his homework.

9. Do you know whose work they are discussing?

10. He fell asleep at once since he was tired.

11. They had reached the house before it began raining.

12. If you think that computer never makes mistakes you are wrong.

13. I don’t know why he didn’t come.

14. I couldn’t come because I didn’t feel well.

15. As soon as he comes back, we will go to the country.

16. The man you want to speak to is coming back tomorrow.

17. If the weather permits, the airplane will fly.

18. Please tell me which cities you have been to.

19. He was watching TV, when I came home.

20. If she gets free till 5 p.m., she will visit us.

21. The girl whose book you have taken is my brother.

22. He said he knew those people.

23. His parents will be glad, if he gets married.

24. She cooks the turkey exactly as my mother did.

14. Занятия 23, 24

Чтение текстов в формате учебной дискуссии: “What is engineering” (“Building Engineering as a Discipline”), “Civil Engineering”, “Some Building Professions” (“Occupations in the Construction Industry”), “The profession of an Architect (Builder)”.

Студентам предлагается разделиться на 2(3) группы из 6(4) человек. Затем каждая группа изучает текст и готовит сообщение по предложенному плану (вопросы к тексту). Для лучшего понимания текста составляется его краткое изложение на русском языке.

1. Building Engineering as a Discipline

Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide variety of climates and become a global species.

Building construction today is a significant part of industrial culture, a manifestation of its diversity and complexity and a measure of its mastery of natural forces, which can produce a widelyvaried built environment to serve the diverse needs of society.

Education in the field of Building Engineering as one of the areas of civil engineering is the study of the integrated application of engineering principles and technology to building design and architecture. Building engineering is an interdisciplinary engineering subject that offers a general engineering approach to the planning, design, construction, operation, renovation, and maintenance of buildings, as well as with their impacts on the surrounding environment. The discipline requires pertinent knowledge integrated from traditional well- established disciplines: civil engineering for building structures and foundation; mechanical engineering for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system (HVAC), and for mechanical service systems; physics for building science, lighting and acoustics; electrical engineering for power distribution and control; chemistry and biology for indoor air quality; architecture for form, function and specifications; economics for project management.

Building engineering students are ideally trained in all phases of the life cycle of a building, and learn to appreciate buildings as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components. Technical problems and appropriate solutions are studied to improve the performance of the building in areas, such as energy efficiency, construction management, HVAC and control systems, advanced building materials, earthquake resistance, wind effects on buildings, computer-aided design.

The building engineering graduate may work as a consulting engineer, design engineer, project manager, construction manager, cost engineer, facility manager, conservation-utility director,

HVAC engineer, operation manager, process engineer, or in research and development, among other career possibilities.

Building engineering academic programmes normally provide an accredited academic degree. The completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Technology or Bachelor of Applied Science depending upon the university or institute. The length of study is four years and the programme consists of basics of engineering and sciences (technical drawing, engineering mechanics, mechanics of materials, thermodynamics, mathematics, computer programming, surveying), subjects in building engineering sciences (structural analysis and design, soil mechanics, building engineering systems, building economics, construction management, thermal environment and building service systems). In some programmes, elective courses allow students to specialize in one or more sub- disciplines.

Graduates may pursue a postgraduate degree, such as a Master of Engineering, Master of Applied Science, an Engineer's degree, or a Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering. The Master and Engineer's degree may consist of either research, coursework or a mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research component and it is often viewed as the entry point to academia.

Discuss the following items inside your group:

1. Do you know how building construction began?

2. Is there any difference between civil engineering and building engineering?

3. Is building engineering a big subject?

4. Why is building engineering very important in modern life?

5. What building engineering courses are usually taught at higher educational institutions?

6. What degrees do building engineering academic programmes provide?

2. Occupations in the Construction Industry

The construction industry is divided into three major segments. The construction of buildings segment includes contractors called general contractors who build residential, industrial, commercial, and other buildings. Heavy and civil engineering construction contractors build sewers, roads, highways, bridges, tunnels, and other projects related to infrastructure. Specialty trade contractors perform specialized activities related to all types of construction such as carpentry, painting, plumbing, and electrical work.

Construction is usually done or coordinated by general contractors who specialize in one type of construction such as residential or commercial building. They take full responsibility for the complete job, except for specified portions of the work that may be omitted from the general contract. Although general contractors may do a portion of the work with their own crews, they often subcontract most of the work to heavy construction or specialty trade contractors.

Specialty trade contractors usually do the work of only one trade, such as painting, carpentry, or electrical work, or of two or more closely related trades, such as plumbing and heating. Beyond fitting their work to that of the other trades, specialty trade contractors have no responsibility for the structure as a whole. They obtain orders for their work from general contractors, architects, or property owners.

Construction trades workers are employed in a large variety of occupations that are involved in all aspects of the construction industry. Brick masons build and repair walls, floors, partitions and other structures with brick, panels, concrete block, stone, and other masonry materials. Carpenters construct, erect, install, or repair structures made of wood, such as partitions, putting in doors and windows, building stairs, and laying floors. Electricians install, connect, test, and maintain building electrical systems which can also include lighting, climate control, security, and communications. Glaziers are responsible for selecting, cutting, installing, replacing, and removing all types of glass. Insulation workers line and cover structures with insulating materials. Painters and paperhangers stain, varnish, and apply other finishes to buildings and other structures and apply decorative coverings to walls and ceilings. Plumbers install, maintain, and repair many different types of pipe systems. They may also install heating and cooling equipment and mechanical control systems. Plasterers apply plaster, concrete, and similar materials to interior and exterior walls and ceilings. Roofers repair and install roofs made of tar or asphalt and gravel, rubber or thermoplastic, metal or shingles. Reinforcing iron and metal workers place and install iron or steel girders, columns, and other structural members to form completed structures or frameworks of buildings, bridges, and other structures. Lastly, construction labourers perform a wide range of physically demanding tasks at construction sites, such as excavation, waste removal, and demolition. Many construction trades workers perform their services with the assistance of helpers. These workers assist trades workers and perform duties requiring less skill.

First-line supervisors and managers of construction trades and extraction workers oversee trades workers and helpers and ensure that work is done well, safely, and according to the code. They plan the job and solve problems as they arise. Those with good organizational skills and exceptional supervisory ability may advance to construction management occupations, including project manager, field manager or superintendent. These workers are responsible for getting a project completed on schedule by working with the architect's plans, making sure that materials are delivered on time, assigning work, overseeing craft supervisors, and ensuring that every phase of the project is completed properly and expeditiously. They also resolve problems and make sure that work proceeds without interruptions.

Discuss these questions with your groupmates.

1. What segments is the construction industry divided into?

2. What are the general contractors' responsibilities?

3. What is the difference between a general contractor and a specialty trade contractor?

4. What areas of the construction industry are construction trades workers employed in?

5. Who assists construction trades workers?

6. What are construction managers' duties?

7. Who is responsible for completing a project on schedule?

3. Civil Engineering

1. The term “engineering” is a modern one. The New Marriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word “engineering” as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles. Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering.

2. While the definition “civil engineering” dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering. Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.

3. First the word “civil engineering” was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18 century there were two main branches of engineering – civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications, while the latter , military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.

4. But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc.

It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called “mechanical engineers”.

5. With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering — electrical engineering. It is divided now into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering.

In the middle of the 20^th century there appeared some other new branches of engineering – nuclear engineering and space engineering. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter – on the achievements of modern science and engineering.

6. At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering. The term “civil engineering” has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering:

Here are some fields of civil engineering:

1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.

2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations.

3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.

4. The construction of railroads.

5. The construction of harbours and canals.

6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.

The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering.

Discuss these questions with your groupmates.

1. What does the word "engineering" mean?

2. Is engineering a science?

3. Into what branches is civil engineering divided?

4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings has the term "civil engineering"?

6. What fields of civil engineering do you know?

7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?

4. The Profession of an Architect

The architect is a person trained and experienced in the design of buildings and the coordination and supervision of all aspects of the construction of buildings. When the architect designs a structure, he uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries.

Working to the architect's design are many consultant experts-structural engineers, services engineers and other sub-contracted specialists. The architect functions now extend into town planning and work activities that need buildings.

Town planning or urbanism is the preparation of plans for the regulated growth and improvement of towns or the organization of land and buildings for group living. It is a cooperative process in which architects, economists, engineers, lawyers, landscape architects, doctors, sociologists, surveyors or topographers and other specialists take part.

In town planning there are different street patterns : gridiron, radial, ring and

functional ( or organic).

According to the International Union of Architect (IUA or UIA) at present there are more than 800.000 fully qualified architects in the world. In the highly developing countries there is one architect per two or three thousand people. In the developer countries there is only one architect per 500,000 or 1,000,000 people.

The architect's sphere of knowledge is constantly expanding. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science and economics in his work. The structure an architect creates should give us pleasure, sense of beauty.

The main problem facing the architect today is to avoid any conflict with nature and landmarks of by-gone days.

Discuss these questions with your groupmates.

1) What are the architect's functions?

2) What specialists help the architect to design structures?

3) What is town planning?

4) Why is urban design a cooperative process?

5) What street patterns are there in urbanism?

6) What specialists take part in town design?

7) How is the architect's sphere of knowledge expanding at present?

8) What is the main problem facing the architect today?

5. Some Building Professions

A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his trade1, is called tradesman or craftsman.

He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wall-tiler, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, hot water fitter and so on.

Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer.

In some districts of Great Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors.

But elsewhere these are plasterer's specialties. Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard.

He builds or dismantles wood or metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialize in one or the other. In the USA the term "carpenter" includes a joiner. The word is derived from the French word charpente, which means a wood or metal framework.

Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has been cut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter's, much of it being highly finished and done in a joinery shop which is not exposed to weather.

In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner. Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually also a mason. A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls, whether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness.

Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould cornices and wall pattern. He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco.

A construction manager, or CM, provides services similar to those of general constractor, but represents client's interest during all phases of the building process — design as well as construction. They are usually paid a negotiated fee for the scope of services rendered.

For example, working with the architect during design, the CM provides updated cost projections so that a client will know probable costs, which the project evolves. A general constractor, however, doesn't usually enter the scene until after the design is complete.

The CM decides who bids the job, picks up the request for invitation to bid, evaluates the bids, and awards work to the most reasonable bidder. The CM also prepares contracts and sends them out to the subcontractors. The owner signs the contracts with each subcontractor, unlike a general constractor who signs these contracts. As a result, the subcontractors are under the CM's direction. The CM may also be responsible for the safety of workers on the construction site.

Discuss these questions with your groupmates.

1. What function does the bricklayer fulfill?

2. What is the job of the carpenter?

3. In what way does the carpenter’s work differ from the joiner’s work?

4. What is the job of a plasterer?

5. What does CM decide?