Early middle ages

Dionysius the Areopagite (1^st century (?)

[daɪə’nɪsɪəs ðɪˌærɪʹɔpəʤaɪt]

was a judge of the Areopagus who, as related in the Acts of the Apostles, (Acts 17:34), was converted to Christianity by the preaching of the Apostle Paul during the Areopagus sermon. According to Dionysius of Corinth, quoted by Eusebius, this Dionysius then became the second Bishop of Athens

Дионисий Ареопагит

Saint Irenaeus (ca. 130 – ca. 202)

[ˌseɪntˌaɪərəʹni:əs]

was Bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, then a part of the Roman Empire (now Lyon, France). He was an early church father and apologist, and his writings were formative in the early development of Christian theology. He was a hearer of Polycarp,[1] who in turn was a disciple of John the Evangelist. was Bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, then a part of the Roman Empire (now Lyon, France). He was an early church father and apologist, and his writings were formative in the early development of Christian theology. He was a hearer of Polycarp,[1] who in turn was a disciple of John the Evangelist.

Святой Ириней

Galen of Pergamon (ca. 130 – ca. 200)

[ʹɡeɪlən

ˌəvʹpə:ɡəmən]

better known as Galen of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey), was a prominent Roman (of Greek ethnicity) physician, surgeon and philosopher. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy,and logic.

Гален из Пергамы

Origen (ca. 185 – 254)

[ʹɔrɪʤən]

was an early Christian Alexandrian scholar and theologian, and one of the most distinguished writers of the early Church. As early as the fourth century, his orthodoxy was suspect, in part because he believed in the pre-existence of souls. Today he is regarded as one of the Church Fathers

Ориген

Arius (250/256 – 336)

[əʹraɪəs] or [ʹɛərɪəs]

was a Christian presbyter in Alexandria, Egypt of Libyan origins. His teachings about the nature of the Godhead, which emphasized the Father's Divinity over the Son, and his opposition to the Athanasian or Trinitarian Christology, made him a controversial figure in the First Council of Nicea, convened by Roman Emperor Constantine in AD 325

Арий

Arianism

[ʹɛərɪənɪz(ə)m]

is the theological teaching attributed to Arius concerning the relationship of the entities of the Trinity ('God the Father', 'God the Son' and 'God the Holy Spirit') and the precise nature of the Son of God as being a subordinate entity to God the Father.

Арианство

Constantine the Great (ca. 272 – 337)

[ʹkɔnstəntaɪn]

was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Well known for being the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, Constantine and co-Emperor Licinius issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of all religions throughout the empire

Константин Великий

Athanasius of Alexandria (Athanasius the Great, ca. 298 – 373)

[ʹɑθəʹneɪʃəs

ˌəvˌælɪɡʹzɑ:ndrɪə]

He was the 20th bishop of Alexandria. His long episcopate lasted 45 years (c. 8 June 328 - 2 May 376), of which over 17 years were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors. He is considered to be a renowned Christian theologian, a Church Father, the chief defender of Orthodoxy against Arianism, and a noted Egyptian leader of the fourth century.

Афанасий из Александрии

Donatus Magnus (ca. 313 – ca. 360)

[dɔʹnɑ:təs

ʹmæɡnəs]

became leader of a schismatic Christian sect in North Africa. He is believed to have died in exile around 355.

Ammianus Marcellinus (ca. 330 – after 395)

[ˌæmɪʹeɪnəs

ˌmɑ:sɪlaɪnəs]

was a fourth-century Roman historian. He wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from Antiquity (the last was written by Procopius). His work chronicled in Latin the history of Rome from 96 to 378, although only the sections covering the period 353–378 are extant

Аммиан Марцеллин

Valens (328 – 378)

[ʹveɪləns] or [ʹvɑ:ləns]

was the Eastern Roman Emperor from 364 to 378. He was given the eastern half of the empire by his brother Valentinian I after the latter's accession to the throne. Valens, sometimes known as the Last True Roman, was defeated and killed in the Battle of Adrianople, which marked the beginning of the collapse of the decaying Western Roman Empire.

Валента

Gregory the Theologian (Gregory of Nazianzus, ca. 329 – 389/390)

[ʹɡreɡərɪ

ˌðəθɪəʹləʊʤɪən]

was a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople. He is widely considered the most accomplished rhetorical stylist of the patristic age. As a classically trained speaker and philosopher he infused Hellenism into the early church, establishing the paradigm of Byzantine theologians and church officials.

Григорий Богослов

Basil of Caesarea (Saint Basil the Great, 330 – 379)

[ʹbæzlˌəvˌsi:zəʹrɪə]

was the bishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia, Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). He was an influential 4th century Christian theologian. Theologically, Basil was a supporter of the Nicene faction of the church, in opposition to Arianism on one side and the followers of Apollinaris of Laodicea on the other. His ability to balance his theological convictions with his political connections made Basil a powerful advocate for the Nicene position.

Василий Кесарийский

Gregory of Nyssa (ca. 335 – after 394)

[ʹɡreɡərɪˌəvʹnɪsə]

was a Christian bishop and saint. He was a younger brother of Basil the Great and a good friend of Gregory of Nazianzus. His significance has long been recognized in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Catholic and Roman Catholic branches of Christianity. Some historians identify Theosebia the deaconess as his wife, others hold that she, like Macrina the Younger, was actually a sister of Gregory and Basil

Григорий Нисский

Saint Ambrose (ca. 340 – 397)

[ˌseɪnt ʹæmbrəʊz]

was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. He was one of the four original doctors of the Church.

Святой Амврозий

Saint Jerome (ca. 347 – 420)

[ˌseɪntʤəʹrɔʊm]

was a Roman Christian priest, confessor, theologian and historian, and who became a Doctor of the Church. He was the son of Eusebius, of the city of Stridon, which was on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia. He is best known for his translation of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), and his list of writings is extensive

Святой Иероним

John Chrysostom (ca. 348 – 407)

[ˌʤɔnkrɪʹzɔstəm]

Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father. He is known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, and his ascetic sensibilities. After his death in 407 (or, according to some sources, during his life) he was given the Greek surname chrysostomos, meaning "golden mouthed", rendered in English as Chrysostom

Иоанн Златоуст

Augustine of Hippo (Saint Augustine, 354 – 430)

[ɔ:ʹɡʌstɪnˌəvʹhɪpɔʊ]

was Bishop of Hippo Regius (present-day Annaba, Algeria). He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province. His writings were very influential in the development of Western Christianity.

Августин из Гиппо

Pelagius (ca. 354 – 420/440)

[peʹleɪʤɪəs]

was an ascetic who denied the need for divine aid in performing good works. For him, the only grace necessary was the declaration of the law; humans were not wounded by Adam's sin and were perfectly able to fulfill the law apart from any divine aid. He also, therefore, denied the more specific doctrine of original sin as developed by Augustine of Hippo. Pelagius was declared a heretic by the Council of Carthage.

Пелагий

Hypatia (370 – 415)

[haɪʹpeɪʃə] or [haɪʹpætɪə]

was an Egyptian Neoplatonist philosopher who was the first notable woman in mathematics.[1] As head of the Platonist school at Alexandria, she also taught philosophy and astronomy. As a Neoplatonist philosopher, she belonged to the mathematic tradition of the Academy of Athens, as represented by Eudoxus of Cnidus; she was of the intellectual school of the 3rd century thinker Plotinus, which encouraged logic and mathematical study in place of empirical enquiry and strongly encouraged law in place of nature.

Гипатия

Cyril of Alexandria (ca. 376 – 444)

[ʹsɪril

ˌəvˌælɪɡʹzɑ:ndrɪə]

was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. He came to power when the city was at its height of influence and power within the Roman Empire. Cyril wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the later 4th and 5th centuries. He was a central figure in the First Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Patriarch of Constantinople.

Кирилл Александрийский

Nestorius (ca. 386 – ca. 451)

[nesʹtɔ:rɪəs]

was Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 to 22 June 431. Drawing on his studies at the School of Antioch, his teachings, which included a rejection of the long-used title of Theotokos ("Mother of God") for the Virgin Mary, brought him into conflict with other prominent churchmen of the time, most notably Cyril of Alexandria, who accused him of heresy. Nestorius sought to defend himself at the First Council of Ephesus in 431, but instead he found himself formally condemned for heresy and removed from his see.

Несторий

Nestorianism

[nesʹtɔ:rɪənɪz(ə)m]

is a Christological doctrine advanced by Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428–431. The doctrine, which was informed by Nestorius's studies under Theodore of Mopsuestia at the School of Antioch, emphasizes the disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus.

Несторианство

Odoacer (433 – 493)

[ˌɔdəʊʹeɪsə]

was the first "barbarian" King of Italy. His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire.

Одоакр

Theodoric the Great (451 – 526)

[θɪʹɔdrɪk]

was king of the Ostrogoths (471 – 526), ruler of Italy (493 – 526), regent of the Visigoths (511 – 526), and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire. His Gothic name Þiudareiks translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people". He became a hero of Germanic legend as Dietrich von Bern.

Теодорих Великий

Merovingians

[ˌmerəʹvɪnʤən] or [ˌmerəʹvɪnʤɪən]

were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin) largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the 5th century. Their politics involved frequent civil warfare among branches of the family. During the final century of the Merovingian rule, the dynasty was increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role.

Меровинги

Damascius (462 – 540)

[dəʹmeɪʃəs]

known as "the last of the Neoplatonists," was the last scholarch of the School of Athens. He was one of the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the early 6th century, and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian court, before being allowed back into the empire. His surviving works consist of three commentaries on the works of Plato, and a metaphysical text entitled Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles.

Дамасский

Clovis I (ca. 466 – 511)

[ʹklɔ:vɪs]

was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler. He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul (France).

Хлодвиг 1

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (475 – 524)

[bə(ʊ)ʹi: θjəs]

was a philosopher of the early 6th century. He was born in Rome to an ancient and important family which included emperors Petronius Maximus and Olybrius and many consuls.

Боэций

Saint Benedict of Nursia (ca. 480 – 547)

[ˌseɪntʹbenɪdɪkt

ˌəvʹnə:sjə]

is a Christian saint, honored by the Roman Catholic Church as the patron saint of Europe and students.

Святой Бенедикт Нурсийский

Justinian I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus, 483 – 565 AD)

[ʤʌsˈtɪnɪən]

commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.

Юстиниан 1

Cassiodorus, Flavius Magnus Aurelius (ca. 487 – ca. 578)

[ˌkæsɪəʹdɔ:rəs]

was a Roman statesman and writer, serving in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Senator was part of his surname, not his rank.

Кассиодор

John Philoponus (John the Grammarian, 490-570)

[ˌʤɔnfɪʹlɔ:pənəs]

was a Christian and Aristotelian commentator and the author of a considerable number of philosophical treatises and theological works. A rigorous, sometimes polemical writer and an original thinker who was controversial in his own time, John Philoponus broke from the Aristotelian-Neoplatonic tradition, questioning methodology and eventually leading to empiricism in the natural sciences

Джон Филопон

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (? – before 532)

[ʹsju:dəʊdaɪə’nɪsɪəs ðɪˌærɪʹɔpəʤaɪt]

was a Christian theologian and philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th century, the author of the Corpus Areopagiticum (before 532). The author is identified as "Dionysos" in the corpus, which later incorrectly came to be attributed to Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian convert of St. Paul mentioned in Acts 17:34. His surviving works include Divine Names, Mystical Theology, Celestial Hierarchy, Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and various epistles. Some other works, such as Theological Outlines, are presumed to be lost.

Псевдо Дионисий Ареопагит

Pope Gregory I (St Gregory the Dialogist, ca. 540 – 604)

[ʹɡreɡərɪ]

[ˌdaɪəʹlɔʤɪst]

better known in English as Gregory the Great, was pope from 3 September 590 until his death. Gregory is well known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope.

Папа Григорий 1

Muhammad or Mohammad (ca. 570 – 622)

[mʊʹhæməd]

was the founder of the religion of Islam, and is considered by Muslims to be a messenger and prophet of God, the last law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims, the last prophet of God as taught by the Quran. Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets. He was also active as a social reformer, diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, military leader, humanitarian, philanthropist, and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action

Муххамед

Maximus the Confessor (ca. 580 – 662)

[ʹmæksɪməs

ˌðəkənʹfesə]

was a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar. In his early life, he was a civil servant, and an aide to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. However, he gave up this life in the political sphere to enter into the monastic life.

Максим Исповедник

Paulicians

[pɔʹlɪʃənz]

were a Christian Adoptionist sect and militarized revolt movement, also accused by medieval sources as Gnostic and quasi Manichaean Christian. They flourished between 650 and 872 in Armenia and the Eastern Themes of the Byzantine Empire. According to medieval Byzantine sources, the group's name was derived after the third century Bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata.

Павликане

Bede (the Venerable Bede, 672/673 – 735)

[bi:d]

also referred to as Saint Bede or the Venerable Bede (Latin: Bēda Venerābilis), was a monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth, today part of Sunderland, England, and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow (see Wearmouth-Jarrow), both in the Kingdom of Northumbria. Bede's monastery had access to a superb library which included works by Eusebius and Orosius among many others.

Беде

Saint John of Damascus (ca. 676 – 749)

[ˌseɪntʹʤɔn

ˌəvdəʹmɑ:skəs]

was a Syrian Christian monk and priest. Born and raised in Damascus, he died at his monastery, Mar Saba, near Jerusalem

Святой Иоанн Дамаский

Alcuin of York (Albinus, ca. 735 – 804)

[ʹælkwɪn]

[ælʹbi:nəs]

was an English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York. At the invitation of Charlemagne, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. He wrote many theological and dogmatic treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems.

Алкуин Йоркский

Charlemagne (Charles the Great, ca. 742 – 814)

[ʃɑ:l(ə)ʹmeɪn]

was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800.

Карл Великий

Carolingians

[ˌkærəʹlɪnʤɪənz]

was a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German *karling, kerling (meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHG kerlinc), derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel: Carolus. The family consolidated its power in the late 7th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the throne. By 751, the Merovingian dynasty which until then had ruled the Franks by right was deprived of this right with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy and a Carolingian, Pepin the Short, was crowned King of the Franks.

Каролинги

John Scotus Eriugena (810 – 877)

[ˌʤɔnʹskɔtəs

ˌerʹju:ʤɪnə]

was an Irish theologian, Neoplatonist philosopher, and poet. He is known for having translated and made commentaries upon the work of Pseudo-Dionysius.

Иоанн Скот Эриугена

Order of Saint Benedict (Benedictine Order)

[ˌbenɪʹdɪktɪn]

is a Roman Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of St. Benedict. Within the order, each individual community (which may be a monastery, a priory or abbey) maintains its own autonomy, while the organization as a whole exists to represent their mutual interests.

Орден Святого Бенедикта

Otto I the Great (912 – 973)

[ʹɔ:təʊ]

on of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan.

Отто 1 великий

Al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan (973 – 1048)

[ælbɪʹru:nɪ]

was an Iranian-Chorasmian Muslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.

Аль-Бируни

Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980 – 1037)

[ˌævɪʹsenə]

was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.

Авиценна

Capetians

[kəʹpi:ʃənz]

is the largest and oldest European royal house, consisting of the descendants of King Hugh Capet of France in the male line. Hugh Capet himself was a cognatic descendant of the Carolingians and the Merovingians, earlier rulers of France. In contemporary times, both King Juan Carlos of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty.

Капетинги

Peter Damian (ca. 1007 – 1072)

[ʹpi:təʹdeɪmɪən]

was a reforming monk in the circle of Pope Gregory VII and a cardinal. In 1823, he was declared a Doctor of the Church. Dante placed him in one of the highest circles of Paradiso as a great predecessor of Saint Francis of Assisi.

Пётр Дамиан

William the Conqueror (ca. 1028 – 1087)

[ʹwɪljəm

ˌðəʹkɔŋkərə]

was the first Norman King of England from Christmas 1066 until his death. He was also Duke of Normandy from 3 July 1035 until his death, under the name William II

Вильгельм Завоеватель