- •Assignments for the classes of the History of the English Language
- •Proto-Indo-European languages
- •Gth, oe and ohg vowel correspondences
- •Vowels in oe:
- •Vowel interchange:
- •Other consonant changes
- •(Все изменения касаются ударных корневых гласных)
- •Declension of Nouns in oe
- •Strong declension of adjectives in oe
- •Declension of demonstrative pronouns
- •Vowel System in me
- •Content of the examination in the History of English (4th year, I semester)
- •Practice
- •Content of the examination in the History of English (4th year, II semester)
- •The history of the English Language Name: ……………………………… Group …
Assignments for the classes of the History of the English Language
№ 1. Periodisation of the History of English (Расторгуева, с. 49 -55)
Periods |
Subperiods |
Date of the beginning of the period and corresponding historical event |
Date of the end of the period and corresponding historical event |
Linguistic situation |
Old English
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Middle English |
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New English |
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№ 2. (Расторгуева, с.24 -33)
Proto-Indo-European languages
Old High German
(… c) Latin
dead languages
(7 c) dates of earliest records
language variety in synchrony
development of the language in diachrony
№3. Linguistic Features of PG compared with other groups of PIE family
(Расторгуева, с.34-48; Резник, с.21-30)
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Phenomena compared |
Commonalities |
Distinctive Features |
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PIE (except PG) |
PG |
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I |
Morphology |
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Parts of speech |
1. Nouns
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- inflectional system - grammatical categories of case, number, gender - morphological classification into declensions (not a grammatical category) depending on the stem suffix (основообразующий суффикс) |
- 8 cases - dual number |
PG reduced the number of cases to 4 (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative) |
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2. Adjectives |
- inflectional system - grammatical categories of case, number, gender |
adjective inflections were the same as the noun inflections |
PG developed 2 distinct sets of inflections: for the strong and the weak declensions of the adjective |
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3. Pronouns
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- grammatical categories of case, number, gender |
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4. Verbs |
- inflectional system - strong verbs which showed their grammatical form (tense) by means of ablaut (change of the vowel of their root) - division into classes - grammatical categories of tense, number and person |
more complicated verb inflectional system |
- PG simplified the system of inflections: only 2 tenses of the verb (the Present and the Past / Preterite) - PG invented weak verbs which formed the past form by adding a dental suffix |
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II |
Phonology |
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1. Accent |
great importance of accent
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- great use of musical accent depending on musical pitch - the stress was free and movable (could fall on any syllable) |
- the force (expiratory, breath, dynamic) stress using acoustic loudness became predominant - the stress was fixed on the 1st syllable, usually – the root of a word - weakening, reduction and loss of unstressed vowels |
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Phoneme-system |
2. Consonants |
the bulk was stable
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the 1st consonant shift was followed by Verner’s law |
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3. Vowels |
- the length of vowels was phonemic making 1 word different from another - ablaut – spontaneous and independent alteration – as a grammatical means |
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- strict differentiation, order and symmetry of long and short vowels - Umlaut (mutation) – positionally dependent alteration - appearance of diphthongs |
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III |
Lexicology |
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Vocabulary |
- common words (roots) concerning natural phenomena, plants and animals, terms of kinship, basic activities of men, some pronouns and numerals - the same word-building means |
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- unique vocabulary items belonging to basic sphere of life: nature, sea, home life (house, land, drink, sea, wisdom) - PG borrowed many words from neighbouring people (the Celts, the Romans) to do with warfare and trade |
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IV |
Alphabet |
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Latin alphabet (although oral communication) |
runic script Futhark [‘fu: ark] (from the 1st letters of the earliest known alphabet) |
№ 4. OE Alphabet (“Insular Writing”)
№ |
Letters |
The names of the letters |
Pronunciation |
Position |
1.
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Þ θ |
thorn (шип) |
[ð] |
Intervocally: Between a vowel and a sonorant: |
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[θ] |
In other cases: |
2.
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(w) |
wynn (“joy”) |
[w] |
In all cases: |
3.
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c |
cen (“torch”) > [se:] |
[k’] |
Before front vowels ( e, e, i, y): |
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[k] |
In other cases: |
4.
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yogh (“yoke”) |
[γ’] |
Next to front vowels: |
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[γ] |
Between back vowels (a, o, u): After r |
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[g] |
Initially before back vowels: After consonants (except r ) |
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[j] |
Initially before front vowels ( e, e, i, y): |
5.
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ð (đ) |
Crossed d |
[ð] |
Intervocally: Between a vowel and a sonorant: |
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[θ] |
In other cases: |
6.
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f |
feoh (“cattle”) > [ef] |
[v] |
Intervocally: Between a vowel and a sonorant: |
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[f] |
In other cases: |
7.
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s |
siZel (“sun”) > [es] |
[z] |
Intervocally: Between a vowel and a sonorant: |
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[s] |
In other cases: |
8.
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æ |
æsc (“ash”) |
[ e], [ e:] |
Front vowel |
9.
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h |
hæZl (“hail”) > [ha] |
[x’] |
After front vowels ( e, e, i, y): |
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[x] |
After back vowels (a, o, u): |
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[h] |
Initially and in other cases: |
10.
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b |
beorc (“birch”) > [be:] |
[b] |
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11.
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d |
dæZ (“day”) > [di:] |
[d] |
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12.
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l |
laZu (“sea”) > [el] |
[l] |
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13.
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m |
man (“man”) > [em] |
[m] |
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14.
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n |
nied (“necessity”) > [en] |
[n] |
In all positions except when followed by k or g |
15.
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p |
peor (“?”) > [pi:] |
[p] |
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16.
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r |
rād (“riding”) > [a:r] |
[r] |
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17.
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t |
tiw (name of a god) > [ti:] |
[t] |
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18.
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x |
eolh (“?”) > [eks] |
[ks] |
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19.
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a |
ac (“oak”) > [a:] |
[a], [a:] |
Back vowel |
20.
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e |
eoh (“horse”) > [e:] |
[e], [ e:] |
Front vowel |
21.
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i |
is (“ice”) > [i:] |
[i], [i:] |
Front vowel |
22.
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o |
ōs (“god”) > [o:] |
[o], [o:] |
Back vowel |
23.
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u |
ur (“bison”) > [u:] |
[u], [u:] |
Back vowel |
24.
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y |
yr (“bow”) > [ypsilon] |
[u], [u:] |
Front vowel |
№ 5. Vowel System in OE
Number of phonemes |
New vowels comparing to PG |
Peculiarities of the vowel system |
Oppositions within the system |
Vowel changes |
14 monophthongs (7 long, 7 short)
8 diphthongs (4 long, 4 short)
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y, ỹ
ie, īe
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- emergence of some new phonemes (y, ỹ, ie, īe) due to Mutation - the set of short diphthongs; - an exact parallelism between long and short vowels, both monophthongs and diphthongs; - the length of the vowels was phonemic (length differentiated between 2 words differing only in the length of the vowel); - all the diphthongs were falling with the 1st element stronger than the 2nd; - shortening of long final vowels, dropping of short final vowels; - under stress any vowel could be found, in an unstressed position there were no diphthongs of long monophthongs but only 5 short monophtongs (i, e, u, o, a) |
- Monophth. – diphth. - Short monopth. – long monophth. - Short diphth. – long diphth. - front vowels (i, e, æ, y) – back vowels (a, o, u)
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- Independent changes - I-Umlaut - Palatal Mutation - OE Breaking - Palatalization - Velar Mutation - Germanic Breaking - Compensative Lengthening
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№ 6. Classification of OE consonants
(Расторгуева, с.90)
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
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Labial Labial - dental |
Forelingual
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Mediolingual (palatal) |
Backlingual (velar) |
Pharyngeal |
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Noise consonants |
Plosive
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short (voiceless – voiced) |
p - b |
t - d |
k’ |
k - g |
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geminates (voiceless – voiced) |
p: - b: |
t: - d: |
k’: - g’:
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k: - g: |
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Fricative
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short (voiceless – voiced) |
f - v |
θ – ð s – z
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(j) x’ - γ’ |
x – γ |
h |
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geminates (voiceless – voiced) |
f: |
θ: s: |
x’: |
x : |
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Sonorants |
Short
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m w
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n r l |
j |
() |
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Geminates
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m: |
n: |
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№ 7. Consonant System in OE
Number of phonemes |
New consonants comparing to PG |
Peculiarities of the consonant system |
Oppositions within the system |
Consonant changes |
16 phonemes
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Geminates (long consonants) |
- a set of geminates (long consonants) due to the process of germination (doubling) - phonemic opposition of short and long consonants - the absence of voice fricatives (ð, v, z), they were allophones of the voiceless fricatives (f, θ, s, x) |
- noise consonants – sonorants; - Labial, Labial-dental Forelingual - Mediolingual (palatal) - Backlingual (velar) - Pharyngeal - plosives – fricatives - short – geminates - voiced – voiceless
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- Consonant Shift I (Grimm’s Law) - Consonant Shift II - Verner’s Law - Contraction - Loss of Nasal - Sonorants - Neutralization of Occlusives |
№8. Independent and assimilative vowel changes in OE
PIE and PG vowel correspondences
PIE |
PG |
о |
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ā |
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е |
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ē |
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u |
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