Практичне заняття № 3 (іпіс, 2 курс)

Тема 1. Покупки. Товари продовольчі та промислові.

TASK 1. Read, translate and retell the text "Shopping"

Shopping is the examining of goods or services from retailers with the intent to purchase at that time. Shopping is an activity of selection and/or purchase. In some contexts it is considered a leisure activity as well as an economic one.

There are many types of shops one can go to. The most important division is between small shops and large department stores and supermarkets. There are many types of small shops specializing in certain goods. But there are places where you can buy almost everything - supermarkets and department stores. Department stores are places intended for those who want a wide choice of consumer goods, but not food usually. They sell various goods under one roof and this is very convenient. A department store, for example, true to its name, is composed of many departments: ready-made clothes, fabrics, foodstuffs, shoes, sports goods, toys, china and glass, electric appliances, cosmetics, linen, curtains, cameras, records, etc.

In the women's clothing department you can find dresses, costumes, blouses, skirts, coats, beautiful underwear and many other things. In the men's clothing department you can choose suits, trousers, overcoats, ties, etc. In the knitwear department one can buy sweaters, cardigans, short-sleeved and long-sleeved pullovers, woolen jackets. In the perfumery they sell face cream and powder, lipstick, lotions and shampoos. In a food supermarket we can also buy many different things at once: sausages, fish, sugar, macaroni, flour, cereals, tea. At the butcher's there is a wide choice of meat and poultry. At the bakery you buy brown and white bread, rolls, biscuits. At the grocery’s one can buy flour, sugar, salt and alike foodstuffs. Another shop we frequently go to is the greengrocery which is stocked by fruits and vegetables: cabbage, potatoes, onions, cucumbers, carrots, beetroots, green peas and what not. Everything is sold here ready-weighed and packed. The confectionery is the place for a sweet tooth. If you call round at a dairy you can buy milk, cream, joghurt, cheese, butter and many other products. At a department store one can buy knitted goods, hosiery (socks, stockings and tights), underwear. Women like to visit such departments as clothes shops, footwear shops, bookshops, fabric shops, jewellery shops, millinery, haberdashery, makeup and perfumes departments and china departments. Men enjoy looking at the items in stationery departments and instruments departments. There are shops specializing in coffees or teas.

The methods of shopping may vary. It may be a self-service shop where the customer goes from counter to counter selecting and putting into a basket what he wishes to buy. If its not a self-service shop, and most small shops are not, the shop-assistant helps the customer in finding what he wants. You pay money to the cashier and he gives you back the change.

TASK 2. GRAMMAR: Present, Past and Future Perfect Tenses

Ex. 1. Open the brackets using the verb in Future Perfect.

1. I (to do) it by that time. 2. He (to write) a letter by the time she comes. 3. We (to build) a new house by the end of the year. 4. Mother (not to cook) dinner when we come home. 5. You (to do) your homework by seven o'clock? 6. They (not to arrive) by the evening. 7. Why she (not to come) by five o'clock? 8. Who (to take) exam by this time? 9. He (to read) this book by the end of the month? 10. I (not to look) by this time through all the magazine

Ex. 2. Translate the following sentences using the verbs in Future Perfect.

1. Він не перекладе цю статтю до третьої години. 2. Вона виконає цю роботу до кінця місяця. 3. Чому твій друг не напише статтю до вечора? 4. Ти закінчиш читати цю книжку до завтра? 5. Чи здійсниться моє бажання до Нового року? 6. Вони до того часу вже поїдуть. 7. Чому вона не почне працювати до дев'ятої ранку? 8. Чи закінчиться ця телепередача до четвертої години? 9. Вчитель до завтра перевірить всі роботи. 10. До того часу діти вже приберуть в кімнаті? 11. Всі туристи зберуться біля готелю до шостої? 12. Ніхто не приїде сюди до кінця дня.

Ex. 3. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Perfect або Past Simple.

1. We just (to come) home but our children (to come) home an hour ago. 2. I already (to come) from school. Now I am having dinner. 3. You (to write) a letter to your friend today? 4. You (to send) him a telegram last week? 5. She never (to drive) a car before. 6. He (to read) the text and now he can retell it.

7. Jane (not to be) at the cinema this week. 8. Don't you know who (to open) the door? 9. Five years ago he tо be) a typist. 10. When he (to see) you? — He (to see) me this week. 11. It's the best thing he ever (to make). 12. Where I (to put) my beg? I can't find it. 13. We (to see) her twice today. 14. I am happy. I just (to receive) a telegram from my friend. 15. When they (to move) to a new flat? — They (to move) there last month. 16. Somebody (to telephone) me? — Your mother (to tele­phone) you three times this morning.

17. They (to live) in France in 1970. 18. When it (to stop) raining? — It (to stop) raining two hours ago.

19. The wind (to stop) blowing and the weather is getting warmer. 20. He (to stop) smoking some years ago.

TASK 3. READING: Sentence

In law, a sentence forms the final explicit act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. The sentence can generally involve a decree of imprisonment, a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted of a crime. Those imprisoned for multiple crimes, will serve a consecutive sentence (in which the period of imprisonment equals the sum of all the sentences), a concurrent sentence (in which the period of imprisonment equals the length of the longest sentence), or somewhere in between, sometimes subject to a cap. If a sentence gets reduced to a less harsh punishment, then the sentence is said to have been "mitigated" or "commuted". Rarely (depending on circumstances) murder charges are "mitigated" and reduced to manslaughter charges. However, in certain legal systems, a defendant may be punished beyond the terms of the sentence, e.g. social stigma, loss of governmental benefits, or, collectively, the collateral consequences of criminal charges.

Statutes often specify the range of penalties that can be imposed for various offenses, and sentencing guidelines sometimes regulate what punishment within those ranges can be imposed given a certain set of offense and offender characteristics. However, in some jurisdictions, prosecutors have great influence over the punishments actually handed down, by virtue of their discretion to decide what offenses to charge the offender with and what facts they will seek to prove or to ask the defendant to stipulate to in a plea agreement. It has been argued that legislators have an incentive to enact tougher sentences than even they would like to see applied to the typical defendant, since they recognize that the blame for an inadequate sentencing range to handle a particular egregious crime would fall upon legislators, but the blame for excessive punishments would fall upon prosecutors.

Sentencing law sometimes includes "cliffs" that result in much stiffer penalties when certain facts apply. For instance, an armed career criminal or habitual offender law may subject a defendant to a significant increase in his sentence if he commits a third offense of a certain kind. This makes it difficult for fine gradations in punishments to be achieved.