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Практичне заняття № 1 (Інф., 2 курс)

Тема 1. В банку. Державна та іноземна валюта.

TASK 1. Read, translate and retell the text "The hryvnia"

The hryvnia has been the national currency of Ukraine since September 2, 1996. The hryvnia is subdivided into 100 kopiyok. A currency called hryvna was used in Kievan Rus'. In 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, the name of the new Ukrainian currency became hryvnia, a revised version of the Kievan Rus hryvna. The designer was Heorhiy Narbut. The hryvnia replaced the karbovanets during the period September 2–16, 1996, at a rate of 1 hryvnia = 100,000 karbovantsiv. The karbovanets was subject to hyperinflation in the early 1990s following the collapse of the USSR.

To a large extent, the introduction of hryvnia was secretive. Hryvnia was introduced according to President's Decree dated August 26, 1996, published on August 29. In 1996, the first series of hryvnia banknotes was introduced into circulation by the National Bank of Ukraine. They were dated 1992 and were in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 hryven. Also in 1996, the 1, 50, and 100 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced, with 1 hryvnia dated 1994. Later, highest denominations were added. The 200 hryvnia notes of the second series were introduced in 2001, followed by the 500 hryvnia notes of the third series in 2006. All hryvnia banknotes issued by the National Bank continue to be a legal tender. As of 2008, the banknotes of early series can rarely be found in circulation.

TASK 2. GRAMMAR: Present Perfect Tense

Ex. 1. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Perfect.

1. I (to be) in London this year. 2. We (to see) this film before. 3. He (not to meet) his parents. 4. She (to hear) this music before. 5. I (to write) a new book this month. 6. They (not to finish) their work yet. 7. Alan (not to have) his breakfast. 8. Cathy (not to get) up yet. 9. Martin (not to wash) up yet. 10. We (not to tell) him the truth. 11. You (to mention) my name? 12. Your mother already (to come)? 13. Where Martin (to go)? 14. Why John (to take) this book? 15. Jane (to be) at the theatre this week?

Ex.2. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Perfect with pronouns SINCE or FOR.

1. I (to live) here (for/since) 1999. 2. He (to work) there (for/since) May. 3. They (to be) friends (for/since) they started college. 4. We (to know) him (for/since) three years. 5. They (to live) in our house (for/since) two years. 6. She (to be) ill, (for/since) Friday. 7. I (not to be) to London (for/since) I (to be) a child. 8. I (to leave) Kyiv last year and I (not to see) him (for/since). 9. He (to study) French (for/since) ten years. 10. My mother (to work) in the factory (for/since) some years. 11. They (to live) in Brazil (for/since) 1960. 12. I (not to see) him (for/since) this Tuesday. 13. He (to be) in prison now (for/since) five years. 14. She (not to hear) about them (for/since) almost a year. 15. I (to know) nothing about him (for/since) several months,

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences.

1. Вона вже прокинулась. 2. Ти вже пообідав. 3. Мати ще не прийшла додому. 4. Чому ти не зробив уроків? 5. Ми ніколи не були в цьому місті. 6. Ти коли-небудь бачив цей фільм? 7. Мій друг ще не повернувся з роботи. 8. Діти вже поснідали? 9. Батько щойно прийшов додому. 10. Чому ти ще не прибрала в кімнаті? 11. Хто зламав мою ручку? 12. Чому вона ще не вечеряла? 13. Учні вже прочитали цей текст? 14. Він ніколи не говорив правди. 15. Мій брат тільки що пішов до школи.

Ex. 4. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Perfect або Past Simple.

1. She (to be) to all the capital cities of Europe this year. 2. John (to travel) around Europe last year. 3. You ever (to live) in a foreign country? 4. My friend knows a lot because he (to read) a lot. 5. She (to go) home two days ago. 6. She is free now. She (to pass) her final exam. 7. David (to start) school in 1990. 8. Look! Somebody (to break) my window. 9. I (to leave) home early last night. 10. Is he still watching this programme? - No, he just (to watch) it. 11. We (not to see) them last week. 12. His family (to build) a new house this year. 13. It (to stop) snowing an hour ago. 14. I (not to decide) where to go tonight. 15. I (to learn) all the new words. 16. Now I can translate this text. 17. When you (to arrive) to Paris? 18. We (not to know) about the disco last night. 19. You (to read) this book before? 20. He (to work) here two months ago? 21. John (to be) to London before?

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences using the verbs in Present Perfect або Past Simple.

1. Ти вже прочитав цю статтю? Ні, я тільки-но почав її читати. 2. Коли він приїхав до Києва? — Він приїхав сюди вчора увечері. 3. Він ніколи не бачив цієї вистави, але багато читав про неї в газетах.

4. Коли твій друг повернувся додому? — Вчора він повернувся о сьомій годині. 5. Коли ти грав в теніс востаннє? — Я вже давно не грав у теніс. 6. Будівництво цієї споруди почалось минулої весни.

7. Коли твій брат востаннє написав тобі? — Він не писав мені з цієї зими. 8. Вона бувала у Франції? — Ні, вона ніколи не була в цій країні. 9. Коли ви купили нову квартиру? — Ми купили її місяць тому. 10. Чому ти досі не познайомив свою подругу з батьками? 11. Вчора ми були у лікаря, і він оглянув мене.

TASK 3. READING: Law

Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets. Property law defines rights and obligations related to the transfer and title of personal and real property. Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security, while tort law allows claims for compensation if a person's rights or property are harmed. If the harm is criminalised in legislation, criminal law offers means by which the state can prosecute the perpetrator. Constitutional law provides a framework for the creation of law, the protection of human rights and the election of political representatives. Administrative law is used to review the decisions of government agencies, while international law governs affairs between sovereign states in activities ranging from trade to environmental regulation or military action.

Legal systems elaborate rights and responsibilities in a variety of ways. A general distinction can be made between civil law jurisdictions, which codify their laws, and common law systems, where judge made law is not consolidated. In some countries, religion informs the law.

In a typical democracy, the central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three main branches of government, namely an impartial judiciary, a democratic legislature, and an accountable executive. To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public, a government's bureaucracy, the military and police are vital. While all these organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law, an independent legal profession and a vibrant civil society inform and support their progress.