Парные союзы

К парным союзам относятся cоюзы, состоящие как бы из двух частей:

either … or - или … или; both …and - как…так (и); и … и;

neither … nor - ни … ни; not only … but also - не только… но и.

XVIII. Переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод парных союзов:

1. These devices may be either digital or analog. 2. Nowadays neither Russia nor the USA conduct space exploration on the Moon. 3. Electronic devices usually have both analog and digital circuits. 4. Walkie-talkie has a useful communication characteristics not only for business but also personal use. 5. Statistical analysis plays a fundamental role in many areas of both the natural sciences and social sciences. 6. Both analog and digital circuits have elements of either linear or non-linear operation. 7. Applied Mathematics is very important both in theory and experiment in advancing scientific knowledge. 8. The newest computer is not only much more powerful but also much cheaper than its older analogs. 9. Space exploration is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. 10. Today a significant amount of robots are either human controlled, or operate autonomously in dynamic conditions. 11. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network interface, typically serve for both input and output.

Бессоюзное подчинение определительных придаточных предложений

В сложноподчиненных предложениях слова, вводящие определительные придаточные предложения (that, which, who) могут выполнять две функции:

1. Союзного слова, которое не только вводит определительное придаточное предложение, но и является подлежащим этого предложения:

I II III

The hole in the ozone layer may be found by artificial satellites [ (which) (explore) (the Earth's atmosphere) ].

2. Союза, который просто вводит определительное придаточное предложение, но сам не играет в этом предложении никакой роли:

I II

The ozone layer investigations [ which (the artificial satellites) (perform) ] will help in solving the problem.

В последнем случае союз в английском предложении может упускаться, а при переводе на русский язык упущенный союз следует восстанавливать:

The ozone layer investigations [ the artificial satellites perform] will help in solving the problem.

Исследования озонового слоя, которые выполняют искусственные спутники, помогут решить эту проблему.

XIX. Прочитайте предложения, сделайте грамматический разбор, где возможно упустите союз. Предложения переведите:

1. “Sputnik 1” emitted "beeps" that all people around the globe could hear. 2. Alexey Leonov became the first human who conducted a space walk on March 18, 1965. 3. Gagarin's flight opened a new era in space exploration which we know as human spaceflights. 4. These actions can be determined by programmed routines that we can change from time to time. 5. The scientific approach which is necessary both in studying and describing the nature phenomena is essential now in many fields of knowledge. 6. Mathematics is essential to the sciences because of the role which it plays in the developing of scientific models. 7. Statistical methods, which scientists use for analyzing data, allow them to achieve a high level of reliability in their investigations. 8. There are an extraordinary number of great achievements in modern science and technology which can be seen in society today. 9. His report includes some theoretical assumptions which he didn’t mention before.