V. Причастия

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая соответствует в русском языке причастию и деепричастию.

Формы причастий

	Participle I	Participle II	Perfect Participle
Active	writing пишущий	__	having written написав
Passive	being written пишущийся	written написанный	having being written после того, как написали

Participle I образуется путем прибавления окончания –ing к основе глагола:

To speak - speaking, to begin - beginning.

Participle I в предложении может быть:

1. определением

The boy playing football is my classmate.

2. обстоятельством

времени: Coming to the Lake District, we put up our tents.

причины: Being impressed by the film, she read the book.

условия: Listening to the BBC you will improve your English.

образа действия: They stood talking and we sat reading.

3. именной частью сказуемого

The answer of the student was disappointing.

Participle II правильных глаголов образуется путем добавления окончания –ed к основе глагола: to ask - asked.

Participle II неправильных глаголов образуется особыми способами, - это третья форма неправильных глаголов: to give - given, to build - built.

Participle II (Past Participle) в предложении может быть:

1. 1.определением: He has got the prescribed medicine.

2. именной частью сказуемого: They have drunk tea.

Упр. 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. There being no chance of escape, the thief was arrested on the spot. 2. There being little time left, they hired a cab to get to the theatre in time. 3. The bridge having been swept away by the flood, the train was late. 4. It being cold and damp, a fire was lighted for the travelers to warm themselves by. 5. She rose from the bed and removed her coat and stood motionless, her head bent, her hands clasped before her. 6. Jack sat silent, his long legs stretched out.

III. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

Модальные глаголы выражают отношение говорящего к действию: должен, хочу, могу.

Модальный Глагол	Значение	Present	Past	Future
Can	Умение, способность, возможность	can Vi *	could Vi	will be able
Be able	Физ. возмож- ность, способность	Am Is able Аre	Was Were able	Will be able
Must	Обязанность, приказ, совет предположение	Must Vi	Had to Vi	Will have to Vi
Have to	Вынужденность, обязанность	Have to Vi Has to Vi	Had to Vi	Will have to Vi
Be to	Должен в силу договоренности или плана	Am Is to Vi Are	Was Were to Vi	Will be to Vi
Should Следует, Следовало бы	Обязанность, совет, сожаление	Should Vi	-	-
Would Не могли бы вы, бывало	Вежливая форма, повтор действия, нежелание	Would Vi	-	-
Shall	Намерение, предложение	Shall Vi	-	-
May	Разрешение, предположение, возможно, может быть	May Vi	Might Vi	-
Be allowed to Vi	Разрешают, позволяют	Am Is allowed Аre	Was Were allowed	Will be Allowed
Ought	Следует	Ought to Vi	Ought to +Present Perfect	-
Need	Необходимость	Need Vi	-	-

Vi* - инфинитив глагола (без частицы to).

Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык:

1.You may go there, I don’t mind. 2. You can go there, it is quite near. 3. You cannot go there: you don’t know the address. 4. You need not go there: I can ring them up. 5. You must not go there: they are very bad people. 6. You need not have gone there yesterday. 7. You should go there: they are waiting for you. 8. You should have gone there yesterday. 9. We may come to see you tomorrow. 10. They may have come to our place, but we were out. 11. He must have seen this monument when he was in your town. 12. He may have seen this monument when he was in your town. 13. Will you be able to speak to him tomorrow? 14. I could not remember the last lines of the sonnet, and I had to ring up my friend. 15. I shall have to stay at home these days. 16. You will not have to wait for him. 17. We decided that everybody was to take part in the concert. 18. I was to learn this poem by Wednesday.