II. Find the equivalents of the following terms:

1. letterpress a) пневматичні присмоктувачі

2. gravure b) офсетний друк

3. image с) малий наклад

4. short run d) фальцювання

5. impression e) рулон

6. roller f) заглибини

7. offset lithography g) незадрукована площа

8. wells h) глибокий друк

9. ink i) приправка

10. finishing process j) фарба

11. reel k) рулонна машина

12. non-image area l) валик

13. folding m) високий друк

14. vacuum suckers n) відбиток

15. web-fed press o) зображення

3. Fill the gaps using the derivatives of the following words: treat, define, raise, cut, tailor, print, deposit, reject

1. The size of the job should be … to the machine.

2. Two pages could be … at once.

3. The printing process can be … according to the physical characteristics of the printing surface.

4. In the letterpress process the image is … above the background.

5. The ink is … by non-image area.

6. In the intaglio process the image is… into the plate.

7. Ink is … on the paper only from the recessed wells.

IV. Which printing process does each definition refer to?

offset lithography make-ready, gravure, letterpress

1. The most widely-used commercial printing technique where the imposed pages are exposed onto plates, which are treated to attract the inks only onto image areas. The image is transferred from the plate onto a flexible rubber blanket and then from the blanket to the printing substrate.

2. This is a direct printing technique, during which the printing parts are situated in a raised position on the printing plate. Important applications of this process are newspapers and commercial printing.

3. A printing technique which is characterized by the printing parts being located deepened or engraved in the printing form. The most important applications of this printing method are packaging and illustrated magazines. It always deals with products which are produced in great quantities, since making the printing cylinders is very time-consuming and costly.

d) These operations include setting up the press to accept the size and thickness of paper being used, putting the printing plates on, putting the correct sort and colour of ink on the press, adjusting the folder, ensuring that the colour is of the right strength and that the image is in the right position — checking, in fact, that everything is correct prior to printing. Thus it is a crucial area in printing, as the eventual cost of the job and the quality of the result depend on this part of the process.

V. Speak about advantages and disadvantages of different printing techniques

VI. Write a short description of basic printing techniques. Text 2 Letterpress

Letterpress is a 'relief process — that is, the printing surface holding the image to be printed is raised above the non-printing background. This raised surface is inked by rollers and then pressed against the paper to make the impression. Because the background is lower than the printing area, it comes into contact with neither the inking rollers nor the paper, and so does not print,

In traditional letterpress, all the text is printed from metal type and the pictures from letterpress blocks. These elements are assembled together (imposed) to create a 'forme' inside a rigid frame (chase), which is placed in the press. The printing surface therefore may be made up of hundreds or thousands of different pieces of type, blocks and spacing. A development of letterpress uses 'stereo' or 'electro' plates for each page or for the whole 'forme'

Letterpress characteristics Letterpress ink is dense and gives a strong black image. When type is printed on to a soft paper the 'squash' can be seen around each character, and this adds distinction to private-press work — when the right typeface is used: typefaces made up from fine lines print better on paper with a smooth surface using a lighter impression, as otherwise their fine detail is buried in the soft paper.

Letterpress blocks of photographs need a high-quality art paper to obtain the best results in either black-and-white or colour, and the blocks themselves are very expensive compared with the equivalents used in other processes. This is because the zinc or copper used is itself expensive, and because the etching process is slow, with corrections difficult to achieve.

Advantages and disadvantages Except in the specialized areas mentioned above, letterpress, the dominant printing process until the mid-1960s, has largely given way to offset lithography. The disadvantages of letterpress are the high cost of the metal type and blocks: the fact that more expensive papers are required to achieve the kind of quality offset can achieve using cheaper ones; the relatively slow speed of most letterpress machines; and the fact that modern methods of origination are mainly photographic and do not lend themselves to the creation of a raised surface.

The advantages of the process are the denseness of the ink (not diluted by water or spirit, as in offset or gravure) and the quality of the impression — excellent characteristics for high-quality private-press work. In the case of newspapers and paperbacks, letterpress survives where the origination process (for example, hot metal typesetting) lends itself to the production of a raised surface, Letterpress also wastes less paper than offset, as there are no problems of holding the balance between ink and water.

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