2.6. Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания и слова.

Ведущие университеты, отличаются от других, общая организация, внутреннеe управление, сравнительно, приблизительное число, международный, известные ученые и писатели, обучались, состоит из нескольких факультетов, можно получить степень бакалавра, магистра, доктора, предоставляющее очное и заочное обучение, отличается от других, часть обучения проводится с помощью лекций, выполняется посредством индивидуальных занятий, получать стипендию, дискуссионный клуб, необходимо отметить,

возможность получить высшее образование, высокая плата за обучение – более тысячи фунтов стерлингов, особая (дополнительная) плата взимается за … .

2.7. Найдите в тексте задания 2.2 ответы на следующие вопросы.

1) How many universities are there in the U.K.?

2) What are the leading universities?

3) In what do British universities differ from each other?

4) How many students do the most universities have?

5) Why are London and Oxford universities international?

6) What famous people were educated in Cambridge?

7) When do students proceed to a degree of Bachelor?

8) Does the organization system of Oxford and Cambridge differ from that of all other universities and colleges?

9) Some students get scholarship, don’t they?

10) Where do students discuss political and other questions with famous politicians and writers?

11) What are the faculties and the departments a British university consists of?

12) Would you like to study at London or Oxford university?

13) What faculty or department would you like to choose if you had a chance to enter a British university?

14) Is it important for you to study at university? Why?

2.8. Представьте, что часть студентов вашей группы учились в университете Оксфорда. Расспросите их об университете, о факультетах, курсе обучения (системе обучения), об истории и о международной популярности университета, количестве студентов, традициях, свободном времени студентов и т. д. Используйте материалы данных методических указаний и другие источники.

2.9. Представьте, что Вы – студент одного из ведущих университетов Великобритании. Подготовьте для конференции сообщение о системе высшего образования в Великобритании. Используйте материалы данных методических указаний и другие источники.

UNIT 3. EDUCATION: UNIVERSITY

3.1. Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание на употребление нескольких синонимов того или иного выражения. Запишите эти синонимы в свой словарь, запомните и используйте их в своей речи.

EDUCATION: UNIVERSITY

А. Subjects.

You can normally do/study these subjects at university but not always at school:

medicine psychology business studies

law sociology agriculture

philosophy architecture history of art

engineering politics

Note: The underlined letters in some of the words above show the syllable with the main stress. Also note that the first syllable of psychology is pronounced/said/like ‘my’.

B. Studying at (a British) university.

If you want to go to (=enter fml) university, you must first pass examinations that most students take at the age of eighteen (called ‘A’ levels). Most students take three ‘A’ levels (three examinations in three different subjects) and they must do well in order to get/obtain a place at university because the places are limited. At the moment, approximately 30% of young adults go to university in Britain.

If you get a place at university, the tuition (=the teaching) is free, and some students also get (= receive) a grant (=money to pay for living expenses, e.g. food and accommodation) as well. Students at university are called undergraduates while they are studying for their first degree.

Most university courses’ last (=go on for/continue for) three years, some courses last four years, and one or two courses, e.g. medicine, may be even longer. During this period students can say that they are doing/studying history, or doing/studying for a degree in history, for example. When they finish the course and pass their examinations, they receive a degree (the qualification when you complete a university course successfully). This can be a BA (=Bachelor of Science), e.g. I have a friend who has a BA in history, and another who has a BSc in chemistry.

C. Postgraduate courses.

When you complete your first degree, you are a graduate. (In the US, students also use this word as a verb and say, they ‘graduated in history’ or ‘graduated in chemistry’, for example.) Some students then go on to do a second course or degree (postgraduate course/postgraduate degree). These students are then postgraduates. There are usually three possible degrees:

MA (Master of Arts) or MSc (Master of Science); usually one year

MPhil (Master of Philosophy); usually two years

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy); at least three years

When people study one subject in great detail (often to find new information), we say they are conducting/ doing/ carrying out research; e.g.

I’m doing some research into/on the languages of different African tribes.

D. School vs. university.

At school, you have teachers and lessons, at university, you have lecturers and lectures. When a lecturer gives/does a lecture, the students listen and take/make notes (=write down the important information), but do not usually say much, except to ask occasional questions.

3.2. Прочитайте слова правильно.

medicine [ ]

psychology [

business studies [ ]

law [ ]

history of art [ ]

agriculture [ ]

sociology [ ]

philosophy [ ]

architecture [ ]

engineering [ ]

politics [ ]

3.3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту под буквой А (см. задание 3.1). Используйте новые выражения.

1) What subjects do British students do/study at university?

2) What subjects do you do/study at the university?

3) What subjects do you like best of all?

4) What subjects are easy/difficult for you?

5) What subjects are you good at?

6) What other subjects would you like to do/study?

3.4. Расспросите друг друга, какие дисциплины вызывают особый интерес и почему. Используйте, например, такие вопросы:

1) What is the most interesting subject for you? Why?

2) Would you prefer to do/study philosophy or psychology?

3) What other subjects would you like to study? (см. задание 3.2)

3.5. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту под буквами B, C, D (см.задание 3.1). Используйте новые слова, словосочетания.

1) What must students do for to get/obtain a place at university?

2) How many young adults do usually go to/enter university?

3) Is the tuition free?

4) Who receives a grant?

5) How long does the tuition go on for/last/continue for?

6) How are students called at university?

7) Who is studying for his first degree?

8) What is the difference between a graduate and a postgraduate?

9) What degrees do postgraduates usually get?

10) When do students listen to the lecturer and take/make notes?

3.6. Подготовьтесь к дискуссии «Высшее образование в Великобритании и России». Используйте дополнительный материал. Обратите внимание на следующие вопросы.

1) The number of the universities and the leading universities, number of students.

2) The difference between the universities (general organization, system of teaching, staff of the lecturers, departments etc).

3) Receiving of the degrees.

4) Examinations, terms, scholarships.

5) Students’ clubs, societies.

6) Pros and Cons of Higher Education.

UNIT 4. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA

4.1. Прочитайте текст.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA

There are about 3,000 colleges and universities, both private and public, in the United States. Students have to pay to go to both private and State universities. Private universities are generally smaller but very expensive, which means that the tuition fees are extremely high. State colleges and universities are not that expensive, the tuition fees are usually lower, and if the students are State residents, they pay much less.

Every young person who enters a higher educational insti­tution can get financial assistance. If a student is offered a loan, he should repay it (with interest) after he has left the college. Needy students are awarded grants which they do not have to repay. Scholarships are given when a student is doing exceptionally well at school.

American universities and colleges are usually built as a separate complex, called "campus", with teaching blocks, libraries, dormitories, and many other facilities grouped together on one site, often on the outskirts of the city. Some universities are comprised of many campuses. The University of California, for example, has 9 campuses, the biggest being Berkeley (founded in 1868), San Francisco (1873), Los Angeles (1919), Santa Barbara (1944), Santa Cruz (1965).

All the universities are independent, offering their own choice of studies, setting their own admission standards and deciding which students meet those standards. The greater the prestige of the university, the higher the credits and grades required.

The terms "college" and "university" are often used inter­changeably, as "college" is used to refer to all undergraduate education; and the four-year undergraduate program, leading to a bachelor's degree, can be followed at either college or university. Universities tend to larger than colleges and also have graduate schools where students can receive post-graduate education. Advanced or graduate university degrees include law and medicine.

Most college and university undergraduate courses last for four years. During the first two years students usually follow general courses in the arts or sciences and then choose a major – the subject or area of studies in which they concentrate. The other subjects are called minors. Credits (with grades) are awarded for the successful completion of each course. These credits are often transferable, so students who have not done well in high school can choose a junior college (or community college), which offers a two-year “transfer” program, preparing students for degree-granting institutions. Community colleges also offer two-years courses of a vocational nature, leading to technical and semi-professional occupations, such as journalism.

There are no final examinations at colleges and universities, and students receive a degree if they have collected enough credits in a particular subject. The traditional degree which crowns the undergraduate course is that of a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or a Bachelor of Science (B.S.). The lower level of graduate school is for obtaining the Master’s Degree (M.A. or M.S.), and the upper level is for the degree of Ph.D.

The Berkeley, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz campuses – Беркли, Сан-Франциско, Лос-Анджелес, Санта-Барбара, Санта-Крус – девять крупнейших университетских городков Калифорнийского университета, расположенные в одноименных городах.

4.2. Прочитайте и запомните новые слова. Запишите их с транскрипцией.

tuition fee – плата за обучение

loan – заем

interest – здесь процент (с суммы, взятой взаймы)

to repay – возмещать, возвращать

needy – нуждающийся

grant – субсидия, дотация

graduate school – аспирантура

the arts – гуманитарные науки

the science (s) – естественные науки

major – предмет специализации

transfer program – подготовительный курс

Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) – степень бакалавра гуманитарных наук

Bachelor of Science (B.S.) – степень бакалавра естественных наук

Master’s Degree (M.A. оr M.S.) – степень магистра (гуманитарных или естественных наук)

Ph. D. (Doctor of Philosophy) – степень доктора наук (доктора философии)

credit – « кредит» («кредит»- зачётная единица; как правило, количество кредитов за курс =количеству аудиторных занятий в неделю в течение семестра: 1 аудиторное занятие в неделю =1 «кредит» за курс)

grade – отметка, оценка

junior college (community college) – местные, двухгодичный колледж

4.3. Прочитайте следующие высказывания. Верны ли они?

1) The system of university education in the USA is centralized.

2) There is no difference between private and state universities.

3) A university course usually lasts four years.

4) One can obtain a bachelor’s degree at any college or University.

5) There are special advanced University degrees.

6) Any University has only one campus.

7) There are no colleges which offer “transfer” programs.

8) M.A., M.S., and Ph. D. are research degrees.

4.4. Используя текст задания 4.1 и материалы дополнительных источников, подготовьте сообщение «Особенности системы высшего образования в США». Обратите внимание на следующие вопросы.

1) Different types of colleges and Universities in the USA.

2) The structure of American universities.

3) A university education in its historical development.

4) Describe one of American Universities.

5) Comparing American, British and Russian University, pay attention to the entrance standards, general organization, admission policies.

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ

ДИСКУССИИ, ДОКЛАДА, СООБЩЕНИЯ

1. Прочитайте текст.

DO YOU KNOW THAT …?

– At Oxford University all the students wear long black gowns and students caps – mortar – bourds. Without his or her gown no student is allowed to call on a tutor, to have dinner in the college dining-hall, or to attend a lecture – where the gowns are rolled up and used as cushions.

– At Cambridge a degree examination is called Tripos. In the past, when the student went for his degree examination it took him some time to show his knowledge of three subjects (Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric). So he was allowed to bring a small stool or “tripos” to sit on, and to this day the degree examinations at Cambridge are called “Tripos” examinations.

– The word university (Latin – universitas) like the word college (Latin – collegium) meant originally a society of people with common employment. It was later – that it came to be associated with scholarship.

– The academic year in England is divided into 3 terms, which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March and from the middle of April to the end of June or beginning of July.

– Each term is crowned with activity and the vocations between the terms – a month at Easter, and three or four months in summer – are mainly periods of private study.

– Terminal examinations are held at the end of the autumn, spring and summer terms.

– Final examinations are taken at the end of the course of studies. If a student fails in an examination he may be allowed to take the exam again. Only two re-examinations are usually allowed.

2. Используйте материалы текста для подготовки дискуссии или доклада по теме «Образование».

IT’S INTERESTING TO KNOW …

– The main universities in the USA are California U., Catholic U. of America, Cornell U., Harvard U., Johns Hopkins U., Columbia U., Stanford U., Chicago U., Wisconsin U., and Yale U. The best known of all is Harvard, (Massachusetts) which was founded in 1636. There is much in common between Harvard and Yale (Connecticut), and together they occupy a position in American university life rather like Oxbridge in England.

– Students are classified as freshmen¹, sophomores², juniors³ and seniors⁴.

– A peculiar feature of American college and university life is numerous students’ unions, fraternities⁵ and sororities⁶. The Greek alphabet is generally used in their names.

There is a place in the USA called Cambridge, (Massachusetts). Cambridge is sometimes called the birthplace of American intellectual life. It has the nation’s oldest University, Harvard U.

Cambridge is also home to MIT – the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

– Harvard has an excellent reputation in many fields. MIT is a leader in science and technology. Students attending Harvard and MIT come from around the world; Harvard alone has students from 90 countries.

The most prestigious universities and the oldest private universities like Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Pennsylvania are called Ivy league (from Ivy climbing over the brick walls of the old university, buildings).

The most famous professors teach at them. The quality of education is always better, and an Ivy League University diploma gives much better career opportunities.

– Americans believe that the more schooling you have the more money you will earn when you leave school.

– The academic year in all types of educational institutions is divided into two terms, or semesters – fall and spring semesters

– The cost of tuition at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is almost $ 35,000 a year, John Hopkins U. $ 33,000 a year, Yale – $ 33,000; Harvard – $ 32,000.

– A well-paid job will fully recoup tuition costs within three or four years after graduation. Any company in any part of the world will welcome a Harvard alumnus¹.