13. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:

1. Высшее образование в Британии основано на процессе отбора по результатам собеседования.

2. Студенты получают степень бакалавра после трех лет обучения.

3. Открытый Университет – это самое большое образовательное учреждение, которое предлагает заочное обучение.

4. Несмотря на различия в методах преподавания, обучение во всех британских университетах состоит из лекций и семинарских занятий.

5. На семинарах студенты обсуждают различные вопросы в маленьких группах.

6. У студентов-заочников очень мало свободного времени, так как они сочетают работу с учебой.

7. Студенты очного отделения получают стипендию, которая покрывает затраты на обучение и некоторые затраты на проживание.

Oxbridge

What are the most famous universities of Great Britain? When were they founded? How do students study there? You will find the answer to these questions if you read the next text.

Before reading study the words and phrases given in the table. Mind the pronunciation of the following words! Look them up in the dictionary and write down the transcriptions. And now practise reading them.

coat of arms	герб
self-governing	самоуправляющийся, автономный
purpose	цель
chapel	капелла, часовня
chancellor	ректор
hostel	общежитие
the cost of education	стоимость образования
speciality	специальность
individual tuition	индивидуальное обучение
to guide through	вести, быть руководителем
a wide range of subjects	широкий спектр предметов
to be awarded	присуждаться
public ceremony	общественная церемония
gown	мантия
society	общество
to debate	обсуждать, дискутировать
up-to-day issues	современные, насущные проблемы
politician	политик

Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and the most traditional universities in Great Britain. They are often called Oxbridge to denote elitist education. Oxford was established in 1249, the first college at Cambridge, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284. The universities were only for men until 1871, when the first women's college was founded. Almost all colleges are mixed now and people from different parts of the world come to Oxbridge to study and to get degrees.

Oxford and Cambridge universities consist of a number of colleges. Each college has its name, its coat of arms. Each college is self-governing. The large colleges have more than 400 members; the smallest ones have less than 30. Within a college there is a chapel, a dining-hall, a library, and rooms for students and for teaching purposes. All the students must pay for their education, examinations, books and libraries, laboratories, university hostel. Very few students get grants. The cost of education depends on the college and speciality.

The head of the university is a chancellor who is elected for life. The teachers are usually called 'dons' and 'tutors'. Teaching is carried out by tutorial system for which Oxford and Cambridge universities are known all over the world. This is a system of individual tuition organized by the colleges. Every student has a tutor who practically guides him through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the student's work and once or twice a week a student goes to his tutor to discuss his work with him. Each college offers teaching in a wide range of subjects. Students usually study only one or two subjects, such as politics and philosophy, or German and linguistics, for the whole of their course.

After three years of study students take the Bachelor's degree, and later the Master's and the Doctor's degrees. The degrees are awarded at public degree ceremonies. Oxford and Cambridge universities respect their traditions, such as the use of Latin at degree ceremonies. And students must wear gowns at lectures and exams.

The universities have over hundred societies and clubs. There are religious societies and societies for those who don't believe, sport and drama clubs. The Debating society is very popular among the students. There they debate political and other important up-to-date issues with the famous politicians and writers. Their debates are shown on TV.

A number of great men, well-known scientists and writers studied at Oxbridge, among them Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, Roger Bacon, the philosopher, Oliver Cromwell, the soldier, John Milton and George Gordon Byron, the poets, Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin, the scientists.

1. Give the translation of the underlined words in the text. Learn them by heart.

2. Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations in English:

• mixed college;

• chancellor;

• tutorial system.

3. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words and phrases:

• to be established;

• to take the degree;

• to receive grant;

• a great number of;

• to be given.

4. Fill in the prepositions:

1. Oxford and Cambridge universities consist … a number of colleges.

2. All the students must pay … their education.

3. The cost … education depends … the college and speciality.

4. Teaching is carried out … tutorial system.

5. These universities are known all … the world.

6. Tutor practically guides a student … the whole course of studies.

7. Once or twice a week a student goes … his tutor to discuss his work … him.

8. The degrees are awarded … public degree ceremonies.

9. Their debates are shown … TV.