2. Answer the questions:

2. Why were there no conditions for development of mass cognitive tourism in Russia?

3. What kind of travel is pilgrimage?

4. Who was the first Russian health-resort visitor who went abroad for medical treatment?

5. Whose privilege was a trip abroad?

6. What functions did the first tourist organization "Enterprise for Public Travels to All World Countries" have?

7. Why is it possible to speak about tourist revolution now?

2. Work in small groups, find sentences which contain the words of exercise 2, translate them without using a dictionary. Compare your work with that of your partner.

3. Translate the first abstract of the text in written form, entitle it. Choose the best translator.

4. Put each of the sentences together and translate them:

1. Only since Peter's I time it is possible to speak about ……….	a. of leisure for aristocracy.
2. During the reign of Catherine the Great each nobleman had the right …………………………..	b. only on business or with the purpose of medical treatment
3. Travels abroad became the usual form ……………………...	c. in the organization of collective trips abroad, construction of hotels for tourists.
4. Dynastic communication of Russian imperial family with German ruling houses.………..	d. formation of the all-European traditions of traveling in Russia.
5. Trip abroad was perceived by noble youth …………………...	e. to make extensive preparations for their visit to Russia.
6. It was permitted to go abroad ………………………………..	f. to go abroad and return at any time.
7. From the beginning of XIX century travel became ………..	g. played the great role in tourist preferences of aristocracy.
8. The first tourist organization was engaged ………………….	h. as a way to escape class norms and decencies.
9. It is strongly recommended for prospective visitors ………..	i. a symbol of freedom.

2. Make up 10 questions based on the text and ask each other in turn.

3. Render the text.

9. A) The text you are about to read describes the trends in business travel in Russia. Discuss in pairs what events do you think helped to develop business travel in our country?

b) List five key words you might expect to meet in the text.

c) Read the text.

d) Find the main idea of the whole article.

e) Make up a title for it.

The notion of business travel is quite new even in the frames of international scale. It obtained the status of an independent and beneficial branch of tourism in Europe in the 70`s-80`s, while in the Russian market this sector of business started to develop only in the beginning of the 90`s. The circle of Russian tour operators specializing particularly on business travel is compact. Almost all companies of this kind are oriented at organization of business trips abroad. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Archangelsk, Samara, Tolyatty, Sochi, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Vladivostok are the cities where the number of hotels, equipped with everything needed for business and congress travel, is constantly increasing. Old hotels are being modernized taking into account the demands of businessmen. At the same time the situation with business travel is often far from being called successful in some of the Russian regions.

Many large-scale international exhibitions, concerning various branches of economy and industry, and scientific conferences and fairs are regularly held in Russia attracting a mass of specialists from abroad. At the same time there are branches and representative offices of hundreds foreign trade organizations, airlines, banks, communication means` companies functioning in Russia and causing new influxes of employees and partners from other cities. If it is needed, tourist firms provide their businessmen clients with not only standard services, such as transportation, a place to stay, and food, but also some specific services – gathering information about the potential partners, translating documents into other language, organizing meetings, etc. Often businessmen come with the members of their family: in this case the tour company organizes individual programmes of leisure and excursions.

One of the peculiarities of tourism travel is that business leaves more finance in the country than average tourists. This is why Russia is trying to follow the example of many countries and receives this or that international forum in the country every year.

According to experts` forecasts, the volume of business trips in the world will increase 3 times by 2020 – from the present 564 million dollars to 1.6 billion dollars. The yield of this sphere is expected to increase 5 times – from 399 million dollars to 2 billion dollars. The share of Russia in the above mentioned numbers is hard to predict. Gaining trust of a conservative and distrustful business-class client is not an easy task. However, experts give quite an optimistic assessment to chances of Russia, taking into account its economical growth and increase of its investments` ratings.

There is so much to consider when planning a business trip to Russia. With the unfurling and slow disintegration of old economy-stifling governments, trade has opened up on a previously unprecedented scale. The use of mobile telephones, the internet and other technological advances have made it easier than ever to conduct business with foreign countries. Russia is no exception and as a result the emergence of business travel in Russia has become quite a lucrative industry. Perhaps the best part about traveling for business is the opportunities it opens up for a bit of sight seeing. Many travel companies offer this as an option when putting together business packages for foreign businessmen.

There are some tips which might be useful while traveling on business to Russia. You can be sure that there will be much to do when you arrive in this diverse country. You will likely spend much of your time ensuring that your arrangements are still in tact and that your venues are still open and are appropriate. From this viewpoint it is helpful to have some help from locals. Getting your Russian business counterparts to co-arrange meeting places and times will mean that venues will likely be more appropriate and that the timing will not be too awkward. However you will likely quickly find that all your business plans have gone by successfully. This is the time to make full use of your time in Russia and take in some sight seeing before boarding the plane for home.

When preparing a trip to meet with Russians businessmen, it is always good practice to make your appointment way in advance. Also remember that the Russians with whom you are meeting may or may not be punctual so make sure you are on time and have something to do if you have to wait. For this reason it is also a good idea to make your appointments quite far apart so that if one meeting starts late, you will still be able to be on time for the following one.

After a firm and brief handshake and verbal greeting, you may take your seat and begin to familiarize yourself with your Russian business acquaintances. Greet by surname and title but not by first name unless you are intimate friends with that individual. Try to avoid personal questions and do not lavish compliments on any one item or subject. Pictures of your children are usually welcome too. If, at any time, you find yourself getting lost in the conversation, most Russians will gladly and politely fill you in on request.

For the most part, woman struggle to conduct effective business deals in this country and it is better to allow male business counterparts to conduct such meetings.

When choosing a meeting place and time, it is good to remember that breakfast meetings are not common practice in the country while dinner-time meetings are quite widely employed. If your business plans lend better to such a meeting instead of an office meeting, choose your venue wisely. Remember that refusing a drink is frowned upon, but that there are ways around imbibing more than you feel comfortable with. Also, it is not customary to eat before a toast has been made. Sit next to your business counterpart and reserve central seats for those who hold the most importance in the business.

f) Summarize the text. Try to eliminate all details and examples.

g) In groups of three or four, share summaries by exchanging papers. Did your classmates choose the same details that you did?