Lesson 10

Грамматика: Инфинитив, его формы и функции; инфинитивные конструкции.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. freight - груз

2. terminal - станция

3. to make up – составлять

Упражнения:

I. Назовите русские эквиваленты следующих слов:

1. to sort; 2. to locate; 3. industrial; 4.to collect; 5.principle; 6. classification; 7. separate

II. Переведите слова, по суффиксу определите, какой частью ре­чи они являются:

а) существительные; б) прилагательные; в) наречия:

1. usually; 2. industrial; 3. destination; 4.classification; 5. departure; 6. separate; 7. direction

III. Разбейте текст на 3 части и озаглавьте каждую из них.

IV. Найдите в тексте предложения, которые отвечают на следующие вопросы:

1. Где обычно формируются грузовые поезда?

2. Какую роль выполняют маневровые поезда?

TEXT

Freight trains are made up in the freight yards of rail­road terminals. A freight yard consists of a large number of tracks, connected to switches, and so arranged that they can be used for sorting and distributing cars. Usually freight yards are located, in the outlying parts of the city. The freight yard is known to be the place where the incoming trains are re­ceived. The cars are sorted. Мany of them, loaded with freight, are distributed to team tracks, industrial sidings and freight houses.

The freight yard is also the place where the cars of outbound freight are collected, to be made into trains and sent to their destination. Each day switch engines travel to and from between freight yards and industrial sidings, team tracks and freight houses, leaving cars of inbound freight and collecting the cars of outbound freight.

A freight yard con­sists of three principle parts; a receiving yard, a classification yard, and a departure yard. In the largest freight yards there may be two of each of these parts with separate receiving, classification, and departure yards for the trains moving in opposite directions.

V. Образуйте при помощи суффиксов

1.-1у - наречие, 2. -al – прилагательное, 3.-ure - существительное

1. usual; 2. industry; 3. to depart.

VI. Назовите синонимы следующих слов:

1. terminal; 2. a large number; 3. to locate; 4. car; 5. part

VII. Назовите антонимы следующих слов:

1. to connect; 2. a large number; 3. to load; 4. to leave.

VIII. Найдите формы инфинитива в тексте, определите их форму.

IX. Найдите предложение с инфинитивной конструкцией: "Сложное дополнение".

X. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. Where are usually trains made up?

2. What does а freight yard consists of?

3. Where are the cars of outbound freight collected?

4. What do switch engines do every day?

5. What do the largest freight yards consist of?

Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения text I the wheel, steam carriages and railways

Notes to the text:

1. the Stone Age - Каменный век

the Bronze Age - Бронзовый век

2. carriage - пассажирский вагон

3.pace (n) - скорость

4. boiler (n) - котел

5. smoke-stack (n) - дымовая труба

One of mankind's earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without, it there could be no industry, little transpor­tation or communication, no electric power.

Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. It came into use during the Bronze Age. At first all wheels were solid discs.

As time passed they were made lighter, stronger, and better.

In the West the first steam carriage was invented in France. The three-wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine, and carried people along the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15 minutes.

The steam engine appeared in 1763. It was followed by several improved steam road carriages. Their further development was prevented by railway companies. The rapid spread of rail­ways in the United Kingdom was due largely to George Stephenson, who was an enthusiast as well as a brilliant engineer.

He demonstrated a locomotive that could run eighteen kilometers an hour and carry passengers cheaper than horses carry them. The steam locomotive was a success.

In Russia the tsar's government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long debates the government, which did not believe in its own engineers, finally decided to invite foreign engineers to submit projects for building railways in Russia.

Yet at the very time when foreign engineers were submit­ting their plans in the Urals a steam locomotive was actual in use. It had been invented and built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, both skillful mechanics. The first Russian locomotive was of course, a "baby" compared with the locomo­tives of today. Under the boiler there were two cylinders, which turned the locomotive's two driving wheels (there were four wheels in all). At the front there was a smoke-stack, while at the back there was a platform for the driver.

EXERCISES

I. Выберете утверждения, сответствующие содержанию текста:

1. The wheel:

a) was invented during the Stone Age;

b) was known to American" Indians before the White Man came;

c) came into use during the Bronze Age.

2. In the West first steam carriage was invented:

a) in the United Kingdom;

b) in France;

с) in Germany,

3. The steam locomotive:

a) was cheaper than horses;

b) was not cheaper than horses;

c) was more expensive-than horses.

4. The Cherepanovs were:

a) engineers; b) scientists; c) mechanics.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What were the first wheels like?

2. Who demonstrated the first locomotive in the United Kingdom?

3. Was the Russian government interested in railway transpor­tation?

4. What was the first Russian locomotive like?

5. What kind of locomotive are used in our country now?