- •Text 1 What is law?
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Read text 1 and choose (a), (b) or (c) to answer the questions or complete the statements.
- •2. Read the text again. For each statement 1 to 8 below choose a) right, b) wrong or c) doesn’t say. Correct the false statements.
- •3. Which of the nouns below are uncountable (u)? Write the plural forms of the countable (c) nouns.
- •4. Translate the phrases below into Russian. Take notice of the possessive case.
- •5. Complete the sentences with am/’m not, is/isn’t, or are/aren’t.
- •6. Transform each of the following sentences into a) negative sentence, b) yes/no-question, c) or-question, d) tag-question, e) wh-question and f) subject-question.
- •7. Complete the sentences with is/isn’t, or are/aren’t.
- •8. Transform the following sentences into a) negative sentences, b) yes/no-questions, c) or-questions, d) tag-questions and e) wh-questions.
- •Text 2 Types of Law
- •Vocabulary
- •10. Read text 2 and choose (a), (b) or (c) to answer the questions or complete the statements.
- •11. Match the types of law (from 1 to 7) to the situations (from a to g).
- •12. Make the sentences negative. Use the words in brackets.
- •13. Complete the sentences with the correct verb forms.
- •14. Transform the following sentences into a) yes/no-questions, b) or-questions, c) tag-questions, d) wh-questions and e) subject-questions.
- •16. Translate the phrases into Russian. Take notice of the Participle I and Participle II.
- •17. Complete the sentences with Participle I or Participle II of the verbs.
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •18. Match the legal terms with their definitions.
- •19. Match the verbs 1 to 10 to the nouns that they go with. Make up 5 sentences with any of the collocations.
- •20. Give synonyms. Make up 7 sentences with any of them.
- •21. Give antonyms. Make up 5 sentences with any of them.
- •23. Choose a, b, c or d to complete the sentences.
- •24. Look again at Texts 1 and 2 and answer the questions.
- •25. Translate into English.
- •26. Speak on one of the following topics. Use the words and phrases provided below each topic.
- •1 The need for law.
- •2 Law, legal principles and legal systems.
- •3 Types of law.
- •27. Discuss in groups.
Text 2 Types of Law
Law is a system of rules that people must follow in a society or a country. The courts and police enforce this system of rules and punish people who break or offend the laws. A court may make offenders pay a fine or other penalty or send them to jail. In ancient societies, leaders wrote laws to set out rules on how people can live, work and do business with each other. Today in most countries, groups of elected politicians pass laws in a legislature, such as a parliament or congress.
Law affects everyday life and society in a variety of ways. So there are different types of law. Here are some of them:
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Contract law sets rules about buying and selling goods and services.
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Property law states the rights and obligations that people have when they buy, sell, or rent homes and buildings.
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Tort law helps people to make claims for compensation (repayment) when someone hurts them or hurts their property. Torts, sometimes called delicts, are civil offences. You commit a civil offence when you breach a duty to another person, or infringe some legal right. A simple example is accidentally hitting someone with a cricket ball. The injured party can make a claim against the party responsible for the injury.
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Criminal law allows the government to prosecute and punish people who break laws.
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Constitutional law provides a framework for creating laws, protecting people's human rights, and electing political representatives. Most nations, like the United States and France, have a single codified constitution, with a Bill of Rights. A few, like the United Kingdom, have no such document; in those countries the constitution comprises statute law, case law and convention.
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Administrative law allows ordinary citizens to challenge decisions made by governments. People can apply to a court for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils, public services or government ministries, to ensure that they observe the law.
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International law regulates affairs between sovereign states in areas such as trade, the environment, or military action. The Geneva Conventions on the conduct of war are an example of international law.
Vocabulary
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follow (v) – придерживаться |
rent (v) – арендовать |
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court (n) – суд |
make a claim – подавать иск |
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punish (v) – наказывать |
hurt (v) – наносить вред, причинять ущерб |
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break/offend a law – нарушать закон |
(телесное повреждение) |
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offender (n) – правонарушитель, преступник |
tort/delict – деликт, гражданское |
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fine (n) – штраф |
правонарушение |
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penalty (n) – наказание, взыскание |
commit an offence – совершать правонарушение |
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jail (n) – тюрьма |
breach (v) – нарушать (закон, обязательство) |
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set out (v) – излагать |
infringe (v) – нарушать (права, закон) |
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elected – избранный, выборный |
injured party – потерпевшая сторона |
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pass a law – принимать закон |
responsible for (adj) – несущий |
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legislature (n) – законодательный орган affect (v) – затрагивать, оказывать влияние |
ответственность (за что-л.) injury (n) – вред; ущерб; телесное повреждение |
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types of law – отрасли права |
allow (v) – позволять, давать возможность |
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contract law – договорное право |
prosecute (v) – преследовать в судебном |
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property law – вещное (имущественное) право |
порядке |
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tort law – деликтное право |
framework (n) – основа; структура |
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criminal law – уголовное право |
human rights – права человека |
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constitutional law – конституционное право |
representative (n) – представитель |
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administrative law – административное право |
codified (adj) – кодифицированный |
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international law – международное право |
comprise (v) – включать, заключать в себе |
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set a rule – устанавливать правило |
statute law – законы, статутное право, |
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goods (n) – товары |
"писаный закон" |
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state (v) – устанавливать, определять |
case law – прецедентное право |
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obligation (n) – обязательство, обязанность |
convention (n) – обычай, традиция |
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challenge (v) – оспаривать |
observe the law – соблюдать закон |
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decision (n) – решение |
affairs (n) – вопросы, отношения |
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apply to (v) – обращаться в |
area (n) – область, сфера |
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judicial review – судебный надзор; судебный пересмотр |
trade (n) – торговля environment (n) – окружающая среда |
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local council – муниципальный совет ensure(v) – гарантировать, обеспечивать |
Geneva Conventions on the conduct of war – Женевская конвенция о ведении войны |
Comprehension Check