- •Text 1 What is law?
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Read text 1 and choose (a), (b) or (c) to answer the questions or complete the statements.
- •2. Read the text again. For each statement 1 to 8 below choose a) right, b) wrong or c) doesn’t say. Correct the false statements.
- •3. Which of the nouns below are uncountable (u)? Write the plural forms of the countable (c) nouns.
- •4. Translate the phrases below into Russian. Take notice of the possessive case.
- •5. Complete the sentences with am/’m not, is/isn’t, or are/aren’t.
- •6. Transform each of the following sentences into a) negative sentence, b) yes/no-question, c) or-question, d) tag-question, e) wh-question and f) subject-question.
- •7. Complete the sentences with is/isn’t, or are/aren’t.
- •8. Transform the following sentences into a) negative sentences, b) yes/no-questions, c) or-questions, d) tag-questions and e) wh-questions.
- •Text 2 Types of Law
- •Vocabulary
- •10. Read text 2 and choose (a), (b) or (c) to answer the questions or complete the statements.
- •11. Match the types of law (from 1 to 7) to the situations (from a to g).
- •12. Make the sentences negative. Use the words in brackets.
- •13. Complete the sentences with the correct verb forms.
- •14. Transform the following sentences into a) yes/no-questions, b) or-questions, c) tag-questions, d) wh-questions and e) subject-questions.
- •16. Translate the phrases into Russian. Take notice of the Participle I and Participle II.
- •17. Complete the sentences with Participle I or Participle II of the verbs.
- •Vocabulary Practice
- •18. Match the legal terms with their definitions.
- •19. Match the verbs 1 to 10 to the nouns that they go with. Make up 5 sentences with any of the collocations.
- •20. Give synonyms. Make up 7 sentences with any of them.
- •21. Give antonyms. Make up 5 sentences with any of them.
- •23. Choose a, b, c or d to complete the sentences.
- •24. Look again at Texts 1 and 2 and answer the questions.
- •25. Translate into English.
- •26. Speak on one of the following topics. Use the words and phrases provided below each topic.
- •1 The need for law.
- •2 Law, legal principles and legal systems.
- •3 Types of law.
- •27. Discuss in groups.
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Unit 1
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THE LAW AND LEGAL SYSTEMS |
Text 1 What is law?
Why do we have laws and legal systems? One answer is very simple: laws are rules which govern behaviour between people. Many organisations use rules to govern behaviour between people. Families often have rules about keeping one’s bedroom tidy or not staying out late. Schools normally have rules about doing homework and not running in corridors. So, rules are an almost inevitable part of any organised social interaction.
Primitive societies have relatively few formal rules, and such rules often come from other moral codes such as religion. So, a prohibition on murder and theft may exist, but individuals may decide what other arrangements they should make for themselves.
In more complex societies, two developments occur:
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rules grow in extent. The basic purposes of law often revolve around ideas of protection and the maintenance of the peace, which are basic functions of any state. So, societies make laws about crime and disorder and also the peaceful settlement of disputes between citizens. However, as social and economic interaction develops, people also need rules about how they can do business with each other and how the state can care for the wants of its citizens. So, there are rules about industrial processes, land use, and motoring, and also social welfare, health, housing and education, none of which exists in primitive societies.
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rules develop about rules – how to make or change rules, how to determine the validity or meaning of rules. In this way, the rules become systematised.
Any complex legal system does not only consist of rules. Legal principles can come into play in order to make sense of collections of rules and to provide the basis for future development. Legal principles are more generalised statements than legal rules and they often reflect moral standards. The Rule of Law is the basic legal principle that says that the government can only legally use its power in the way the government and the people agree. The Rule of Law prevents dictatorship and protects the rights of the people. When leaders enforce the legal code honestly, even on themselves and their friends, this is an example of the rule of law in action. "The rule of law", wrote the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in 350 BC, "is better than the rule of any individual."
Vocabulary
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rule (n) – правило, норма |
crime (n) – преступление; преступность |
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govern (v) – управлять, руководить; определять |
disorder (n) – нарушение общественного порядка |
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use (v) – использовать, применять |
peaceful (adj) – мирный |
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behaviour (n) – поведение |
settlement (n) – урегулирование |
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keep one’s bedroom tidy – поддерживать порядок (в спальне) |
dispute (n) – спор citizen (n) – гражданин |
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stay out – не возвращаться домой |
however (conj)– однако, тем не менее |
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inevitable (adj) – неизбежный, непременный |
do business – вести дела, заключать сделки |
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interaction (n) - взаимодействие |
care for smth (v) – заботиться (о чем-л.) |
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primitive (adj) – первобытный relatively (adv) – относительно |
want (n) – потребность motoring (n) – езда на автомобиле |
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code (n) – кодекс, свод законов; система |
social welfare – социальное обеспечение |
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правил (поведения, чести, морали) prohibition (n) – запрет, запрещение |
determine (v) – определять, устанавливать validity (n) – юридическая сила, законность |
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murder (n) – убийство (умышленное) |
meaning (n) – значение; смысл |
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theft (n) – кража |
come into play – начать действовать |
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exist (v) – существовать |
make sense of smth – разобраться в чем-л. |
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decide (v) – решать |
provide (v) – давать, предоставлять |
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arrangement (n) – договоренность, соглашение development (n) – развитие, рост; эволюция |
statement (n) – заявление, утверждение reflect (v) – отражать |
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occur (v) – происходить, совершаться extent (n) – объем, размер, величина |
rule of law – принцип верховенства права government (n) – 1. правительство; |
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purpose (n) – цель, задача revolve around (v) – вертеться вокруг (чего-л.) |
2. государство, государственная власть power (n) – власть, полномочия |
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protection (n) – защита, охрана |
agree (v) – соглашаться; договариваться |
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maintenance of the peace – поддержание (сохранение) мира, порядка (общественного спокойствия) make a law – создавать/принимать закон |
prevent (v) – предотвращать, предупреждать enforce (v) – принудительно применять (закон); обеспечивать соблюдение, исполнение |
Comprehension Check