- •Т.Д.Максимова
- •Old english period seminar 1
- •Seminar 2
- •Seminar 3
- •Seminar 4
- •Seminar 5
- •1. The Indian languages 5. The Romance languages 8. The Greek language
- •2. The Iranic languages 6. The Celtic languages 9. The Armenian language
- •4. The Baltic languages
- •The First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law) – 2 bc
- •Verner’s Law
- •The Second Consonant Shift
- •Periods in the History of English
- •Oe Phonetic Structure
- •Consonants
- •Quantitative
- •In open syllables
- •1) ⋎ Two consonants
- •2) In three-syllable words
- •Oe Nouns Strong Declension
- •Root declension
- •Personal Pronouns in oe
- •Demonstrative pronouns in oe
- •Adjectives in oe
- •The verb System in Old English
- •Old English Verb Categories
- •Morphological classification of the verb
- •Conjugation (strong verb class 1 Inf. Wrītan)
- •Verbs in oe
- •Preterite-Present verbs
- •Suppletive verbs bēon, wesan; ʒān
- •Anomalous verbs willan, dōn
- •Syntax in Old English
- •656043 Алтайский край, г. Барнаул, ул. Б. Олонская, 28.
- •Т.Д.Максимова
C
Lengthening
a
> ā
nama
> [ā]me
o
> ǭ nosu
>
n[ǭ]se
e
>
ę̄
sprecan
> spr[ę̄]ken
Θ
i
& u
were
not lengthened:
risen
[i], driven[i],
cumen[u],
sungen[u],
love[luve],
som[sum]
But:
i
> ẹ̄
wicu
> wẹ̄ke
> week
u
>
ọ̄
duru
> dọ̄re
> door
Shortening
cēpte
> kepte
but:
cēpan
>= k[ē]pen
wīsdom
> wisdom
but:
wīs
>= w[ī]se
hāʒlidæʒ
> hǭliday >holidai
Quantitative
In open syllables
1) ⋎ Two consonants
2) In three-syllable words
1. The Great Vowel Shift |
i: > ai time > time ę̄ > i: east > east ẹ̄ > i: keepen > keep a: > ei make > make ǭ > ou stone > stone ọ̄ > u: goos > goose u: > au mous >mouse au > o: cause > cause
|
2. Formation of new short phonemes |
[a] > [æ ] man [man] > [mæn] [u] > [⋀] hut [hut] > [h⋀t] Θ u ⋎ p,b,f remained u putten [u] > put [u]; |
3. Formation of new long phonemes (as the result of vocalization of r) |
o, a, e, u, i + r > o:, a:, ɜ: corn >corn; serven [serven]>serve [sɜ:v] |
4. Formation of new diphthongs (as the result of vocalization of‘r) |
ę̄, ā + r > ɛə air[ę̄r]>air[ɛə]; bare[ba:rə]>bare[bɛə] |
II
(18c) |
e
I
(16c)
u: ⋎ k > u book[bu:k] > book[buk] |
6. Lengthening |
a ⋎ ss, ft, nt > a: pass, after, plant [a] > [a:] pass, after, plant |
1. Loss of phonemes x & x’ with lengthening of the preceding vowel (15c) |
night [nix’t] > night[ni:t]
|
||
2. Voicing of voiceless fricatives in unstressed syllables/words |
of [of] > of [əv]; was[s] > was [z]; thou [θu:] > thou[ðau] but [θ] in: thing, thick, think
|
||
3. Vocalization of r |
hors[hors] > horse [ho:s]; yer[jer] >year [jiə]
|
||
4. Growth of sibilants and affricates
|
t, d, s, z, + j > ʧ, ʤ, ʃ, ʒ nature [neitjer] > [neitjə] > [neiʧə] soldier[ souldiər] > [soulʤə] sugar [sjugar] > [ʃu:gə] pleasure[plezjer] > [pleʒə]
|
||
5. Contraction of consonants
|
2
sounds
mn > m autumn > autumn at the beginning kn > n knee > knee wr > r wreck > wreck
3
sounds
in
the middle & at the end
stn > sn listen >listen ftn > fn often > often |