The Second Consonant Shift
The 2nd Consonant Shift states correspondences between Common Germanic and High Germanic consonants.
|
Com. Germ.
High Germ. |
p
pf f |
b
p |
t
ts s |
d
t |
k
kh h |
g
k |
θ
d |
|
English German. |
apple hope Apfel hoffen |
|
ten eat zehn essen |
do tun |
make machen |
|
three drei |
Periods in the History of English
|
Periods |
Chronological division |
Linguistic division |
|||
|
Dates |
Historical events |
Language situation |
Linguistic changes |
||
|
phonetic division |
morphological division |
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|
Old English 5c.–11c.
|
5 c.
7 c. |
Germanic settlement of Britain
beginning of writing |
Early OE, pre-written E
written English |
full endings sunu |
full grammatical forms writan–wrāt–writon–writen |
|
Middle English 11c.–14c
|
1066
1475 |
Norman conquest
introduction of printing |
Early ME – dialectical divergence
flourishing literary English (Chaucer) |
leveled endings sune |
weakened grammatical morphemes wrīten–wrot–writen–writen |
|
New English 15c. – …
|
1475–1660
1660–1800
1880–1945
1945 –… |
|
Early NE–literary Renaissance (Shakespeare)
normalization period
Late English –expansion of English
Present day English |
lost endings sun |
lost grammatical morphemes write–wrote–written |
Oe Phonetic Structure
Vowels
|
|
Monophthongs |
Diphthongs |
|
Short |
i e æ a å o u y |
ea eo io ie |
|
Long |
ī ē ǣ ā ō ū ӯ |
e ͞a e ͞o ı ͞o ı ͞e |
Consonants
|
|
Phone mes |
Spel ling |
Comments |
|
Phone mes |
Spel ling |
Comments |
|
Labial |
p b m w
f v |
p b m w
f f
|
at the beginning & the end [f]: wif in the intervocal position [v]: wifes
|
Dental
|
t d r l n
s z
θ ð |
t d r l n
s s
þ, ð þ, ð |
at the beginning & the end [s] sǣ, mūs in the intervocal position [z] ce ͞osan
at the beginning & the end [θ] þr e ͞o ,se ͞a þ in the intervocal position [ð] se ͞oþan |
|
Velar and palatal |
k h g γ j |
c h ʒ ʒ ʒ |
initially before cons. and back vowels; in the middle after ‘n’= ʒleo, ʒod, sinʒan after back vowels and the sonorants ‘r’ & ‘l’ – daʒas, sorʒ, swelʒan in the presence of front vowels – ʒear ,daʒ, ʒiefan |
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Phonetic
changes in OE vowels
Phonetic
changes in OE vowels
k’
> ʧ
cild
> c’ild> child
sc’>
ʃ
scip
> sc’ip > ship
g’
> ʤ
brycg
> bricg’ > bridge ⋎
fricatives
f
– v
s
– z
θ
– ð
New
Consonant letters
for (cw)
[kw]
Spelling
changes in Middle English
New
Vowel letters for
Changes in stressed vowels in Middle English (1)
qualitative rising
of new phonemes
ā
> ǭ hām
>hǭm
ō
>
ọ̄ tōþ
> tọ̄th
ǣ
> ę̄ sǣ
> sę̄
ē
> ẹ̄ mētan
>
mẹ̄ten
growth
of new diphthongs
(i
or u
as the second element)
1.Vocalization
of ʒ
[j] & [ɣ]
a)
vowel + ʒ[
j] > diphtong (digraph)
æ
+ʒ[
j] > ai
dæʒ
> day
e
+ ʒ[j]
> ei
weʒ
> wey
b)
vowel +ʒ
[ɣ]
> diphtong (digraph)
a
+ ʒ[ɣ]
> au laʒu
> lawe
ā
+ ʒ[[ɣ]
> ou āʒen
> ǭwen
2.
Vowel
+ h > diphthong
(diagraph)
o+h
> [ou](ough)
brohte
> [brouhtǝ]
(broughte)
3.
Vowel
+ w > diphthong
(diagraph)
ǭ+w
> [ou] (ow)
flōwan
> [flouǝn]
(flowen)
monophthongiztion
e̅a
> ę̄
be̅am>[bę̄m]
beam
e̅o
> ẹ̄ de̅op>[dẹ̄p]
deep
ı
͞o
&
ı
͞e>
i̅
li̅ehtan
> līghten
io
&ie> i nieht
> niht; hierde>herd
ea
> a earm
> arm
eo
> e heorte
> herte
