- •5. Translation of equivalent-lacking forms
- •6. Pragmatics of translation
- •20. Translation into English
- •21. Level of equivalents
- •20. Translation into English
- •24. Translation of non-finites
- •21. Level of equivalents
- •25. Translation of the conditional sentences
- •Infinitive
- •1.The functional, structural and semantic identification of the source and target text.
- •2. Translation as the object of scientific study
- •3. One-to-one and one-to-many equivalence
- •4. Regular and occasional equivalence
- •7. 8. Literary and informative translation
- •5. Translation of equivalent-lacking forms
- •6. Pragmatics of translation
- •7. 8. Literary and informative translation
- •7. 8. -1.
- •16. Translation and style
- •17. Partitioning and integration
- •18. Transposition
- •19. Replacement, addition and omission
- •17. 18. 19.
- •1.The functional, structural and semantic identification of the source and target text.
- •2. Translation as the object of scientific study
- •3. One-to-one and one-to-many equivalence
- •4. Regular and occasional equivalence
A
considerable number of SL units have no regular equivalents in TL.
Equivalent-lacking words are often found among SL names of specific
national phenomena, such as the English words “beefeater”,
“touch-down”, “qualifier”. Some of such words are rendered
with the help of descriptive translation; the other cause the
appearance in Ukrainian the new words which express the idea
(impeachment, exit-poll, baby-sitter). The absence of regular
equivalents does not imply that the meaning of an
equivalent-lacking SL unit cannot be rendered in translation or that
its translation must be less accurate. We have seen that the words
which have regular equivalents are sometimes translated with the
help of contextual substitutes. When the translator comes across an
equivalent-lacking word, he can use an occasional equivalent which
can be created in one of the following ways: 1.
Using loan-words imitating in TL the form of the SL word or word
combination, e.g. impeachment, brain-drain. Such occasional
formations are often adopted by the members of the TL community and
get the status of the regular equivalents.
2. Using
approximate equivalents that are TL words with similar meaning which
is extended to convey additional information, e.g. “drugstore”,
“afternoon”, “tree-hugger’. 3.
Using all kinds of lexical transformations modifying their meaning
of the SL word, e.g. “He died of exposure” may be rendered into
Ukrainian as…….. 4.
Using an explanation to convey the meaning of the SL unit, e.g.
land-slide, brinkmanship. Equivalent-lacking
grammatical forms give less trouble to the translator. Here
occasional substitutes can be classified under three main groups:
1. Zero
translations when the meaning of the grammatical unit is not
rendered in the translation since it is practically identical to the
meaning of some other unit and can be safely left out. In
the sentence “By that time he had already left Britain” the idea
of priority expressed by the Past Perfect does not need to be
separately reproduced in TT as it is already made by using “by
that time” and “already”.
2.
Approximate translation when the translator makes use of a TL form
partially equivalent to the equivalent-lacking SL unit, e.g. “I
saw him enter the room”. The Ukrainian language does not have
complex objects but the meaning of the object clause is a sufficient
approximation. 3.
Transformational translation when the translator uses one of the
grammatical transformations. “Your presence at the meeting is not
obligatory. Nor it is desirable.” It is better to use the
syntactical transformation in the translation of this sentence.
Words in
languages are related to certain referents which they designate and
to other words of the same language with which they make up
syntactic units. These relationships are called semantic and
syntactic. Words are also related to the people who use them. To the
users of the language its words are not just indifferent,
unemotional labels of objects or ideas. People develop a certain
attitude to the words they use. Some of the words acquire definite
implications, they evoke a positive or negative response, and they
are associated with certain theories, beliefs, likes or dislikes.
There are noble words like honour, dignity, freedom, and low words
like infamy, cowardice, betrayal. Words can be nice or ugly,
attractive or repulsive. Such relationships between the word and its
users are called pragmatic.
The
pragmatic implications of a word are important part of its meaning
that produces a certain effect upon the receptor. Every act of
speech communication is meant for a certain receptor, it is aimed at
producing a certain effect upon him. When
translating into any language one is expected to treat with due
regard the peculiarities of its grammatical and lexical and semantic
system. The most important for translation into English are the
following three peculiarities of it.
Definite
(pre-determined) order of words in the sentence.
Predominantly verbal style of
expression.
Analytical way of expressing
semantic and syntactic relations between words (by positioning
rather than preposition and case forms). If
we compare the above features of English with Ukrainian language is
characterized by:
Free word order.
Predominantly nominative
style of expression.
Expression of semantic and
syntactic relations by prepositions and case forms.
When
translating from Ukrainian into English the translator has to change
the word order in the source sentences in accord with the English
syntax, to change the source text style into predominantly verbal
and to express the syntactic and semantic relations between nouns by
their proper positioning. Speaking
of the translations means and devices the most applicable for
Ukrainian-English translation are restructuring of the source
sentences, replacement of noun combinations by verbal structures and
substitution of target noun clusters for source prepositional
combinations.
If we
compare a number of target text with their source texts we will
discover that the degree of semantic similarity between the two text
involved in the translating process may vary. In other words the
equivalence between TT may be based on the reproduction of different
parts of the ST contents. Accordingly several types of translation
equivalence can be distinguished.
There are
five different types of semantic relationships between equivalent
phrases (texts) in two languages. Thus all translations can be
classified into five types of equivalence which differ as to the
volume and character of the information retained in each. Each
subsequent type of equivalence retains the part of the original
contents which includes the information preserved in the previous
types. Every translation can be regarded as belonging to a certain
type of equivalence. Since each subsequent type implies a high
degree of semantic similarity we can say that translation is made at
a certain level of equivalence. Each level of equivalence is
characterized by the part of information the retention of which
distinguishes in from the previous level. The list of levels,
therefore, includes: 1) the level of the purpose of communication;
2) the level of the identification of the situation; 3) the level of
the method of description of the situation; 4) the level of
syntactic meanings; 5) the level of word semantic. So
a translation is accomplished at a definite level of equivalence. It
should be emphasized that the level hierarchy does not imply the
idea of approbation or disapprobation. A translation can be good at
any level of equivalence.
25.
Translation of the conditional sentences
Conditional sentences are translated into
Ukrainian according to their type. All conditional sentences can be
devided into real condition and unreal condition. Sentences with
real condition usually mean that the event may happen and they are
translated without help of the Ukrainian conjunction „якщо”.
The tense of the Ukrainian verb is usually “future” and
sometimes “present”.
For example: If the weather is fine we will go
to the forest.
Sentences with unreal condition can refer to the
present or past situation. As the Ukrainian language does not make
difference between past aspects, so they are translated with the
help of the simple past tense. To show the difference between
present and past we usually use adverbial modifier. The conjunction
is “якби”. For
example: If the weather was fine We would go to the forest (present) If
the weather
When
translating into any language one is expected to treat with due
regard the peculiarities of its grammatical and lexical and semantic
system. The most important for translation into English are the
following three peculiarities of it.
Definite (pre-determined)
order of words in the sentence.
Predominantly verbal style of
expression.
Analytical way of expressing
semantic and syntactic relations between words (by positioning
rather than preposition and case forms). If
we compare the above features of English with Ukrainian language is
characterized by:
Free word order.
Predominantly nominative
style of expression.
Expression of semantic and
syntactic relations by prepositions and case forms. When
translating from Ukrainian into English the translator has to change
the word order in the source sentences in accord with the English
syntax, to change the source text style into predominantly verbal
and to express the syntactic and semantic relations between nouns by
their proper positioning. Speaking
of the translations means and devices the most applicable for
Ukrainian-English translation are restructuring of the source
sentences, replacement of noun combinations by verbal structures and
substitution of target noun clusters for source prepositional
combinations. Gerund Depending
on the function, Gerund has in the sentence it can be translated as:
a noun. Banking
on a loss of nerve within the board of trustees may turn out to be
misguided.
an infinitive. Under
the pressure of national campaign, he showed a positive gift for
saying the wrong things in the wrong words at the wrong time.
a participle. In
Washington there is quiet satisfaction that the French by joining
the float have indirectly acknowledged that the US was right along. The
perfect Gerund denotes an action which is prior to the action
expressed by the finite form of the verb. After
having been colonies for along time, many Asian and African
countries have now become independent states. Participle Participle
I can be translated as:
an attributive clause. In
the carriage there was only an old man reading a newspaper.
an adverbial clause. Heavy
artillery fire broke out again in the city last night, virtually
putting the whole population of the city under a state of siege.
a separate sentence.
as a part
of the Complex Object Participle can be translated as an object
clause.
5. Translation of equivalent-lacking forms
6. Pragmatics of translation
20. Translation into English
21. Level of equivalents
20. Translation into English
24. Translation of non-finites