yastrebova-vladykina_uchebnik_2_kursa

day’s peasant farmer, who worked day and night to bring the harvest in and then fell asleep until winter was over. The work patterns imposed on us since Dickens’s day are unnatural. We may live longer and healthier lives, but not necessarily in tranquillity and contentment.

For we live in an ergonarchy: rule by a work ethic closely entwined with a consuming duty. Where once we worked in order to make things, and thus keep warm and fed, now we work in order to earn, and earn in order to spend in order to work. The purpose of our lives is to consume. To spend on the microwave and the convenience food in order to earn the time to get the child back from the minder and fed before going to bed, to get the sleep that humans require and which the employer has always so begrudged.

And what a hard taskmaster the ergonarchy is, for men and women both, pushing us out of bed in the morning whatever the weather, out of the house to some distant place of employment decreed by the planners, on public transport or over the road bumps into a traffic jam, stuck listening to the radio (though some claim that’s the best part of the day), our children socialised by their peers and their teachers and not ourselves, family life at the end of its tether1, and for what, for what? Sure, ergonarchy comes bearing gifts: a brand new car and a holiday abroad, and a pension at the end of it provided you invested your serial redundancy monies properly and retrained wisely. But he’s a devil and don’t forget it. Ergonarchy thrives at the citizen’s expense. Lying there licking his sticky fingers while we work and spend. Just sometimes he offers us a sweet. And we never even asked him in: he just happened. And there we are: men and women together, good earners all, trudging to become the Northern Consumer Force, pride of the future.

/Fay Weldon, New Statesman, April 17, 2000/

Read the article again and say if the following statements are true or false.

1.Nowadays people are not so healthy as their forebears due to pollution and unhealthy food.

2.Regardless of the technological advances people do not work efficiently at present.

3.Today people work harder than their ancestors, and so their accomplishments are greater.

4.People would work more effectively if they could work according to their natural work rhythms.

5.At present people live longer but they are more overworked and stressed out than years ago.

6.People use convenience foods because this enables them to spend more time with their families.

Ex. 1. Find equivalents for the following in the text:

1.остаться неизменным

2.средняя продолжительность жизни

3.хорошее питание и медицинское обслуживание

4.сборные дома

5.общество всеобщей праздности

6.не допускать сбоев в промышленности и работе государственной машины

7.старание, усилие

8.форма правления, в основе которой лежат нормы поведения, предполагающие необходимость работать в сочетании с обязанностью потреблять

9.пища быстрого приготовления

10.какая бы ни была погода

11.на грани развала (распада)

12.приносить дары

13.совершенно (с иголочки) новая машина

14.переквалифицироваться

15.процветать за счёт граждан

16.идти с трудом, устало тащиться

1 so worried, tired, etc, that one feels one can no longer deal with a difficult or upsetting situation

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мнения

running mate n амер. сосед по избирательному списку; the President’s running mate кандидат на пост вице- президента

2.circulate v 1) двигаться в пределах ограниченного круга,

2)тираж (газеты и т.п.); this paper has a circulation of more than a million

3)эк. обращение; to put into circulation пустить в оборот (напр. деньги); to be in circulation; to withdraw from circulation / to take out of circulation изъять из оборота

3.consume v 1) потреблять, расходовать, тратить; to consume

fuel расходовать горючее; this is time-consuming work на эту работу уходит много времени

2)fml съедать, поглощать; Frenchmen consume a lot of wine

3)passive (with / by), быть снедаемым, охваченным, мучимым чем-либо; he is consumed with

curiosity / envy / hatred / guilt / jealousy / loneliness consumer n 1) потребитель; consumer goods потребительские

товары

2) клиент, заказчик, покупатель

consumption n потребление; consumption of oil / coal / alcohol / luxury goods / etc.

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4.accomplish v выполнять, достигать, доводить до конца; to ac-

2)достижение; accomplishments of scientists

3)pl. достоинства; a person of many accomplishments

человек, обладающий многими достоинствами

5.produce v 1) предъявить, достать, представить; to produce a

ticket (a passport, an argument, proofs)

2)производить, изготавливать; to produce goods

3)ставить (пьесу, фильм)

1) производитель, изготовитель

2) продюсер

1) продукт, изделие

2)результат; the plan was the product of many hours of careful thought

1) производство, изготовление; production and consumption производство и потребление; mass production массовое производство

2)выработка, добыча; a fall / an increase in production

3)постановка, производство (пьесы, фильма)

1) производительный; productive labour, highly productive farms / plants

2)плодовитый; productive writer

3)плодотворный; productive meeting / partnership / etc.

производительность, продуктивность, эффек-

тивность; to increase productivity

1) (on, upon) вводить (налог, запрет и т.д.), накладывать, возлагать (обязанность); to impose a ban / fine / tax; to impose restrictions / sanctions

2)(on, upon) навязывать; to impose smth on smb; to impose one’s beliefs / company / opinions / views on smb; I don’t want to impose on them не хочу им на-

вязываться

производящий сильное впечатление, внушительный, импозантный; an imposing building

обложение (налогом), введение, возложение (обя-

занностей); the imposition of duties / economic sanctions / martial law / taxes

7.require v 1) fml требовать, приказывать; students are re-

quired to attend at least 90% of the lectures / regulations require that students attend…

2)fml нуждаться в чем-либо; we require extra help; the situation requires careful thinking

required adj 1) необходимый, обязательный; required studies (subjects) обязательные курсы (предметы)

2) требуемый, назначенный; the required time / period / standard / level

requirement n 1) fml требование, необходимое условие; to meet / satisfy the requirements удовлетворять требованиям; the new assessment system will meet our re-

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grudgingly adv неохотно; to admit grudgingly неохотно признать

9.socialize (-ise) v 1) общаться; he enjoys socializing with his fellow

students after classes

2) подготавливать к жизни в обществе; to socialize children

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 VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Ex. 2. Fill in the missing words from Vocabulary List 1. The first letter of the word is given.

1.In the meantime, the single young in their one-person households make the best earners and the best с______.

2.We are all industrious now, yet a technology that couldn’t be even imagined a century ago a_______ all necessary tasks for us.

3.Adults in Britain work the longest hours in Europe; yet the British have the lowest p_______in Europe and it’s falling.

4.“I had a meeting with a few friends last night,” Needham said. “They’re considering asking you to r___ for the United States senator, Adam.”

5.It is of course possible that Russia’s moneymen will suddenly decide that now is the time to i______in the motherland.

6.“You’ve got to be careful with these fellows, Douglas,” Fabian said in a low voice. “They can be t_____.”

7.The flight had not been restful. Since all the passengers were members of the same ski club, there had been a good deal of loud s_____ in the aisles. If my brother Hank had been on the plane, I realized with a t____ of sorrow, he would have envied them.

8.It is supposed to be the proud boast of the British citizen that he or she does not r_____ official papers of identification until he or she chooses to go abroad.

9.The Irish were always rebelling against the English rule i______ on them.

10.– Where can I get in t_____with your boss?

– He’s out on a job in Brooklyn. He should be back in the office around six.

11.Jennifer was с_______ by loneliness. She walked the streets, watching pedestrians hurrying to the warmth of their homes and families and she ached with a feeling of emptiness.

12.“We would be partners,” he said calmly. “I would handle the i______ and we would share the profits fifty-fifty.”

13.Is the watch trade here as t______as in Switzerland?

14.I didn’t like the idea of having my photograph all over a newspaper in New York with а с_________ of maybe a hundred thousand.

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15.The hotel was practically empty in this off-season, and it was like having a luxurious country house, equipped with a friendly and highly e_______staff, all to ourselves.

16.You once led me down Suicide Six track in a snowstorm. Do you remember? It was my a_________of the year.

17.In fact, by giving employees more rest and time for recuperation, an extra bank holiday is likely to make them more p______. It is true that some employees will be r_____ to work on any extra bank holiday. But they will get a day off instead.

18.I knew she would look so extraordinary that I wished I could be generous and admire her for a couple of days without g_____ it. But she was so ungenerous herself that I couldn’t.

19.Edwina’s desk, the largest and most i________, was flanked by two flags.

20.Earlier this year, the President, concerned that a lack of affordable credit was hampering the economy, asked the central bank to investigate. In mid-October the bank p______ its findings.

21.There are signs that the recession is nearing its end: industrial p_____ began to increase in July, and с______s are a shade less depressed.

22.Americans seem to be going back to the marriage p_____s of their grand parents and postponing marriage in favour of an education and a career.

23.Sustainable p_______ and с________ means using, disposing and transforming resources in a way that minimizes harm to the environment while supporting the well-being of people.

Ex. 3. Paraphrase the following sentences using Vocabulary List 1.

1.The man pulled back the paper and showed a gold chain.

2.Of course I don’t know anything of their divorce. I haven’t heard from Jill since graduation.

3.Driving, especially at his speed, seemed to demand all his attention, so there was no conversation.

4.Understanding modern art is like almost any valuable achievement – it needs time to be learned.

5.After the first glow of welcome came the usual nags, complaints, demands and expressions of resentment.

6.I decided last night that I don’t like the way you manage your hotel. I’m quitting...

7.In order to force stability on chaotic, constantly surprising world, America needs to work with allies.

8.I counted the money and put it in a manila envelope that I had bought in Washington. I was becoming an important buyer of manila envelopes and was no doubt giving a lift to the entire industry.

9.“Fabian,” I said. “I don’t know whether to laugh or to cry?” “Eventually,” he said, “you’ll smile.”

10.At two o’clock that afternoon, Jennifer was standing outside the magnificent estate of William Carlisle.

11.Regret to inform you that John Ferris, of your address died this morning at three-fifteen a. m. Please contact me immediately for instructions.

12.Some economists suppose that the old cycle of boom and bust has disappeared.

13.1 made all the necessary arrangements on the telephone from Paris.

14.To get the most pleasure out of money, it is best not to have to think about it most of the time. In our case, that would mean placing our capital in such a way as to ensure us a comfortable income over the years.

15.Children who spend most of their spare time in front of the computer often find it difficult to get integrated into the society.

16.Underwood ignored the social secretary. For Underwood, Monica was too ugly to look at. She was bright and competent, but her thick features were a put-off.

17.Curtin University of Technology is a flourishing young university with campuses around Western Australia.

18.Her photograph had appeared in two nationally distributed magazines.

19.The cloth was covered with a design of big yellow flowers.

Ex. 4. Fill in the prepositions. Consult Vocabulary List 1.

1.Euro 2002 Information Campaign offered news and information from the European Central Bank on the release of the euro ___ circulation.

2.We’ll be staying at the St. Regis. In case you want to keep __ touch.

3.Progressive thinkers in Britain are clear that various restrictive conditions imposed __ people from the black Commonwealth countries are deeply unjust.

4.It is dangerous to invest the military authorities ___ extraordinary powers of killing and of arrest without warrant and of housebreaking.

5.I don’t like the fact that running __ public office has become a personality contest.

6.The problem is that lots of companies are still run __ antiquated modes of organization.

7.Even if the increase __ productivity shifted higher, there would be no reason to expect, as a result, greater stability year by year.

8.The biggest banks of the country have been investing strongly __ information technology over the past few years.

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9.It hadn’t always been like this, of course: there had been a time when, happily oblivious of my own undesirability, I had pursued her and patterned __ her and yearned for the crumb of her company that never fell my way.

10.I hate trains. I slept all the way to London, and woke up with a headache and a grudge ____ the whole journey.

11.I don’t know anything about Louise. We have been ___ ___ touch for the past three months.

12.There are fully 13 candidates running ______ the first round of the presidential election on October 31st.

13.The counterfeit money we’re seeing has never been as good, and there’s never been so much __ circulation.

14.It is very difficult to withdraw the counterfeit bills ______ circulation since the quality is remarkably high.

15.Alex Brook, blue-eyed and fair-haired with a touch _____ grey at the temples, was an executive vice-president.

16.You might be ___ ___ touch __ reality if you keep yelling at everyone to shut up and leave you alone and there is no one else in the room.

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the word run.

1.In the fifteen years Catherine Collins had been running the inn, she had never encountered a situation she had not been able to deal with efficiently and discreetly.

2.The doors of the theatre were locked. It sounded like someone was inside, running a movie.

3.Frieda’s disappointment had turned her into a tyrant. She found that she had a talent for running things and people, and she was inflexible.

4.The president of Lampang always has as his running mate and heir, his wife or son or another close relative.

5.The only scrap of real news I can imagine would be the word that Matt Underwood had decided to run for reelection and grab a second term. I happen to know the first lady wants him to run again.

6.Because of the early morning traffic, Secretary of State Ezra Morrison was running eight minutes late.

7.“Fabian,” Sloane said, “every year I find myself writing out a check to you.” The man Sloane had called Fabian smiled gently. “I must admit,” he said, “I’m having a modest little run of luck.”

8.There are lots of villages in Britain where, because most people have cars and drive to the town to shop, it is no longer profitable to run village shops.

9.Small factories are often set up on the edges of market towns. Their work is specialized and profitable. But whether in the long run it can restore the solid wealth of England remains an open question.

10.Di Silva stopped to light a short stubby cigar. “I can use half a dozen of you to run errands for me.” Jennifer’s hand was the first one up.

11.The British live in a very crowded small island with a mild climate and a history of centuries of efficient road building. This is partly because they had excellent road-building stone and other materials though now they are running short of them.

12.The prospect of being on dry land again was delightful. No more seasickness, no more storms, no more running out of food supplies...

13.Some criminologists say that recent data provide evidence for the theory that criminality tends to run in families.

14.Czech pride in the national beverage runs deep. “Wherever beer is brewed, all is well – whenever beer is drunk, life is good” runs a popular saying that dates back to the 19th century.

Ex. 6. Running in or running out? Render the following monologue into English using as many “run phrases” as possible. The winner’s score is 10. (remember, though, that you do not normally use so many phrases with the same word in one breath)

Вчера по телевидению показывали фильм о семье Кеннеди. Из него я узнал некоторые неизвестные мне факты. Отец Джона Кеннеди стал управляющим банком в 25 лет, и благодаря удачным вложениям в недвижимость и киноиндустрию создал финансовую империю, обладавшую (worth) 250 млн долларов. Джозеф Кеннеди женился на дочери мэра Бостона Джона Фитцджеральда. От этого брака родились (use “produce”) четверо сыновей. Трое из них стали политиками, и благодаря состоянию отца они никогда не испытывали нехватки средств на избирательные кампании. В конечном счете, щедрое финансирование в сочетании с энергичной и хорошо организованной кампанией принесло Джону Кеннеди победу на выборах в Сенат в 1952 году. Он баллотировался от демократической партии, а кандидатом республиканцев был Генри Лодж.

В 1968 г. Роберт Кеннеди был главным претендентом на пост президента от демократической партии. После его гибели политические надежды клана Кеннеди сосредоточились на младшем брате Эдварде. Но полоса невезения (скандал, связанный с автомобильной аварией, и семейные неурядицы) не позволили ему подняться выше сенаторской должности.

После просмотра фильма у меня создалось впечатление. что это очень дружная семья. Когда кто-нибудь из членов семьи избирается в Конгресс или Сенат, даже дети принимают участие, выполняя мелкие поручения. К тому же, Кеннеди не привыкли легко сдаваться. Похоже, это отличительная черта семьи.

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Ex. 7. Translate into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the word pattern.

1.British homes have similar basic furniture, but the owners can choose the styles and materials, they can select their favourite patterns and shapes.

2.Today houses are being built all over southern England that are brilliantly designed but tiny – four rooms, kitchen, bathroom and lavatory. That is the small type, and of course many houses are much bigger, but essentially such houses are of the same pattern.

3.I have noted a curious pattern: the more gifted a politician is, the more readily he will go against his conscience, his morals seem to be in inverse proportion to his intellect.

4.Poor countries in Eastern Europe will have different priorities from rich countries in Western Europe, which will certainly force on the EU a demanding new pattern of external relations with countries on its eastern and southern margins.

5.Some experts maintain that children of divorced parents are likely to continue the pattern because it is so familiar.

6.The earliest pattern of the American family was the extended family, when several generations lived together.

7.Since then, the pattern has become well-documented: adults who suffer injuries to that part of the brain tend to develop anti-social habits.

8.Changing consumption and production patterns has been the subject of discussion at the conference.

Ex. 8. Read the sentences and pick out the words which are best translated into English with the word pattern.

1.Иногда молодым людям бывает трудно приспособиться к распорядку рабочего дня и его продолжительности.

2.Солнце просвечивало сквозь листву, отбрасывая на траву причудливый узор из теней.

3.Джоан купила сестре в подарок зеленую скатерть с орнаментом из листочков по краю.

4.В прошлом жизнь женщины шла по традиционному пути: школа, затем замужество и дети.

5.При анализе данных об авариях проявилась определенная закономерность.

6.Ученым, наблюдавшим за колонией шимпанзе, удалось выявить несколько моделей поведения.

7.Сара последовала примеру старшей сестры и поступила в Оксфорд, чтобы изучать социологию.

8.Изменение структуры потребления с целью борьбы с бедностью является одной из основных задач комиссии по социальному развитию.

Ex. 9. Fill in the missing words and expressions: produce, in the long run, require, circulate, get in touch with, grudgingly, consume, impose, efficiency.

At half past six on a Friday evening in January, Lincoln International airport, Illinois, was functioning, though with difficulty. The airport was reeling from the meanest, roughest winter storm in half a dozen years and trouble spots were erupting steadily.

Out on the airfield, runway three zero was out of use, blocked by an Aereo-Mexican jet, its wheels stuck in waterlogged ground beneath snow, near the runway’s edge.

Mel Bakersfeld, airport general manager, 1) _______ the Air Traffic Control tower. The tower watch chief answered.

“What’s the story on that Aereo-Mexican 707?”

“Still there, Mr. Bakersfeld. They’ve been working a couple of hours trying to move it. No luck yet.” “The runway and taxi strip are still out of use?”

“Affirmative,” the tower chief reported. “It’s slowing us fifty percent. Besides we’re having to route takeoffs over Meadowood. The complaints have started coming in already.”

Mel groaned. Though the airport had been established long before the community, Meadowood residents complained incessantly and bitterly about noise from aircraft overhead. 2) ______, after tough negotiations involving politics and press publicity, the airport 3) _______ agreed that jet takeoffs and landings directly over Meadowood would be made only in special circumstances. As a result, the loss in 4) _______ was considerable.

Moreover, it was also 5) _____ that aircraft taking off toward Meadowood should – almost at once after becoming airborne – follow noise abatement procedures. This, in turn, 6) _______ protests from pilots, who considered the procedures dangerous. The airlines, however – conscious of the public furor and their corporate images – had 7) _______ upon the pilots the duty to follow them.

Yet, even this failed to satisfy the Meadowood residents. Their militant leaders were still protesting, organizing, and – according to the rumors 8) ________ in the neighborhood – planning legal action against the airport.

Mel asked the tower watch chief, “How many calls have there been?” Even before the answer, he decided glumly that still more hours of his working days were going to be 9) _______ by delegations, argument, and the same insoluble discussions as before.

Ex. 10. Some lines in this text are missing a word which is given in the margin. Insert each word in its right place by using a tick in pencil. The first line is done for you.

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Ex. 11. Translate into Russian.

1.During the 19th century the British extended the Empire even further, produced learned men like Darwin, refined their sophisticated Parliament, increased Britain’s riches and went into the battle in 1914 with all banners flying.

2.The private sector has been brought in to run state schools which have performed badly under the control of local education authorities.

3.Certain affairs could be successfully dealt with only if a personal touch is introduced.

4.In many workplaces hours will be stretched and productivity improved in order to accommodate the extra day off.

5.Some people think that afternoons are for socializing and exercising – and work late at night.

6.The more easily European firms and entrepreneurs can raise money in European markets, especially for risky and innovative schemes, the more easily they can make new investments and create new jobs.

7.Democrats, Liberals and even the majority of independents say that the president is out of touch with what average people think.

8.The champions of the so-called “functionalist” view are convinced that certain tasks can be accomplished more efficiently on a European basis than on a national basis.

9.Expansion on this scale will require changes in the way the EU works.

10.Imposing new taxes can undermine competitiveness and, in the long run, hinder economic efficiency.

11.In poorer areas consumption patterns change sharply around the 15th of every month, as salaries run out and consumers switch from meat to pasta or beans and from orange juice to cheaper powdered drinks.

12.It is essential to organise cooperation between the UN invested with powers of general scope (общий) and various international organizations invested with specific (конкретный) powers.

Ex. 12. Translate into English using your Active Vocabulary.

1.Экономический рост в Японии был необычайно быстрым, что, в конечном счете, привело к перепроизвод-

ству.

2.Маргарет Тэтчер можно считать одним из наиболее выдающихся политиков двадцатого века. Профессионализм ее правительства до сих пор вызывает восхищение.

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3.Аргентина уже провела ряд реформ, направленных на повышение производительности труда, а именно приватизацию и либерализацию торговли.

4.Обостряющийся экологический кризис настоятельно требует изменения структуры (модели) производства

и потребления.

5.«Аргументы и Факты» – это еженедельник с тиражом свыше трех миллионов, освещающий последние политические и экономические события.

6.«А я-то думала, что тебе здесь нравится,» сказала Лили с легким упреком.

7.Создание искусственного разума является одним из величайших достижений науки XX-го века.

8.В столице ходят слухи, что президент не будет баллотироваться на второй срок.

9.Мне не нравится, что военные формирования будут наделены особыми полномочиями. Это может привести к нарушениям прав человека.

10.Я уже связался с мистером Кроуфордом, и в данный момент он уже готовит для нас всю необходимую информацию.

11.Из кафе выбежали дети. По их счастливым лицам легко было представить, какое количество пирожных и мороженого они только что съели.

12.Как бы мне ни хотелось продолжить нашу дружескую беседу (общение), я знаю, что мы должны перейти к обсуждению более важных проблем.

13.Блейк подошел к столу, просмотрел полученные ночью телеграммы и решил, что ни одна из них не требует немедленного ответа.

14.Значительное изменение структуры инвестиций в экономику России – это свершившийся факт, который необходимо учитывать.

15.Изменение ролей в семье несомненно оказывает значительное влияние на социализацию детей.

16.Хороший педагог не пытается навязать ученикам свои взгляды, а стремится научить их мыслить самостоятельно.

17.Ученые до сих пор не пришли к единому мнению, почему некогда процветавшие города древних ацтеков (the Aztecs) были покинуты их жителями.

18.Выступая по телевидению, премьер-министр неохотно признал, что средний размер зарплаты в стране недостаточен для удовлетворения повседневных нужд граждан.

19.В июле 2001 года газета «Нэшнл Джорнал» писала, что президент Буш повторяет опыт своего отца: его популярность падает, так как он не имеет представления о проблемах простых американцев.

20.Когда фирма Джона разорилась, компания Майкла осталась единственным производителем данного типа оборудования и с тех пор процветает, а Джон затаил на Майкла обиду.

 SPEAKING 1

☻ Agree or disagree with the statements using the following phrases:

Neutral: I don’t think I quite agree with that. I see what you mean, but ... . Yes, but don’t you think that ...? Formal: There is some / a lot of truth in what you say (in this). Still / however ... . That may be so but ... .

Informal: Could be, but ... . OK, but ... . Yes, but ... .

Statements

1.What one generation sees as a luxury, the next sees as a necessity. – Antony Crosland

2.We all act as though comfort and luxury were the chief requirements of life, when all we need to make us really happy is something to be enthusiastic about. – Charles Kingsley

3.Increased means and increased leisure are the two civilizers of man. – Bejamin Disraeli

4.It is impossible to enjoy idling thoroughly unless one has plenty of work to do. – Jerome K. Jerome

5.We are closer to ants than butterflies. – Gerald Brenen

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