yastrebova-vladykina_uchebnik_2_kursa

Several trends suggest that the family itself is becoming less important. Childbearing has dropped a little 15) _____

the level needed to replace the adult population in the next generation. Divorce has increased, and more couples are choosing to 16) _____ rather than marry or remarry. More children are growing up in one-parent families and 17) _____. Little is known about how the actual roles of children in the family have changed, although theorists generally argue that children 18) _____ to perform more valuable economic labour for families than they do now. It is possible that as parents have come to 19) _____ the independence rather than obedience of children, they have allowed a further reduction in children’s 20) _____ to the household. The increasing independence of children makes parenting more difficult, encouraging adults to live apart from their grown children or to avoid having children altogether.

In order 21) _____ the revolution in work roles to lead to new families rather than to no families, it must be 22) _____ by a revolution in the home. Whether this happens or not depends 23) _____ what children learn. Their experiences with divorcing parents and independent living can lead them 24) _____ from families, but their own or their father’s involvement 25) _____ housework in more egalitarian arrangements can lead them toward new families.

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GRAMMAR

 SHOULD AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE

AFTER CERTAIN VERBS, NOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES

Should and the Subjunctive can be used after:

verbs such as: advise, demand, insist, order, propose (= suggest), recommend, request, suggest, etc.

nouns such as: advice, demand, order, proposal, recommendation, request, suggestion, etc.

adjectives such as: important, vital, essential, imperative, necessary, etc.

When you report orders, suggestions, advice, etc., you can use a “that-clause” with should or the Subjunctive form after reporting verbs and nouns with similar meanings. The Subjunctive and should are appropriate in formal written English.

1.The Subjunctive is the same whether the sentence is present or past .

I suggest that he should apply / shouldn’t apply for the job. (Should) I suggest that he apply / not apply for the job. (Subjunctive)

There is an order that all firearms should be handed in. (Should) There is an order that all firearms be handed in. (Subjunctive)

I suggested that he (should) apply / (should) not apply for the job. The police gave an order that all firearms (should) be handed in.

2.You can also use should or sometimes the Subjunctive in a “that-clause” after It is / was vital, it is / was important, etc.

It is / was vital that no one else should get involved in this affair. (Should) It is / was vital that no one else get involved in this affair. (Subjunctive)

In ordinary talk, structures other than the Subjunctive and “should” are preferred. With the verbs listed below these are infinitive clauses or -ing clauses.

Ex. 37. Study the use of the forms in that-clauses. Translate the sentences into Russian.

A.

1.Peter the Great demanded that people round him share his lust for learning.

2.The police made a few routine inquiries, came up with nothing, and then suggested that she hire a detective.

3.The teaching staff requested that the head teacher should reconsider his decision.

4.Doctors recommend that all children should be immunized against measles.

5.I propose that we wait until the budget has been announced before committing ourselves to any expenditure.

6.It’s almost certain that Tiberius ordered that his adopted son Germanicus be secretly poisoned.

7.I suggest that you follow a simple rule: never ask anyone anything about his or her life that you are not prepared to reveal about your own.

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8.The Wilsons insisted that there be no inaugural ball; they retired to the White House for a quiet family evening before going to bed at “a reasonable hour”.

9.The hotel doctor advised that Mr. Henderson should be visited by a specialist first thing in the morning.

10.It was proposed that the matter be considered at the next meeting.

11.At the inquiry the judge recommended that the safety procedures be thoroughly updated.

12.Mobile phones are very popular with young people and have obvious attractions for personal security and keeping in touch with others. However, the research does show that using mobile phones affects brain activity. The expert group has therefore recommended that the widespread use of mobile phones by children under 16 should be discouraged for non-essential calls. In the light of this recommendation the UK Chief Medical Officers strongly advise that where children and young people do use mobile phones, they should be encouraged to use them for essential purposes only and keep all calls short.

B.

1.There was anger at the government’s proposal that unemployment benefit should be reduced.

2.He ignored my advice that he should sell his shares.

3.The Afghan representatives at the meeting made a demand that part of the international trade agreement be changed.

4.The jury followed the judge’s recommendation that he should take into account the extenuating (смягчающие) circumstances.

5.They didn’t like my suggestion that we should all share the cost.

6.General Scott gave orders that only those closest to him should have access to this information.

7.A suggestion was made that we appoint an assistant to help Mr. Clark.

8.He ignored the neighbours’ request that he should make less noise.

9.The Department of Defense has issued strict orders that no one should enter the area without permission.

10.The Cabinet’s final recommendation is that the Government create a Sustainable Energy Policy Unit and start a public debate.

Ex. 38. Complete the sentences using that-clauses.

1.She demanded _____ the book he borrowed from her. (he, return)

2.He requested _____ on Friday. (the next meeting, hold)

3.They demanded _____ from office. (the president, remove)

4.The teacher insisted _____ quietly on his own. (everybody in the group, work)

5.The captain ordered _____ the parade. (all his officers, attend)

6.It was unwise of you to propose _____ early retirement. (the director, take)

7.The committee has recommended _____. (the training programme, improve)

8.The chairman suggested _____ again the following day. (the two sides, meet)

9.I recommend _____ because they are harmful to the environment (pesticides, not use)

10.I just went into the shop, handed over the dress, and demanded _____ me a refund. (they, give)

11.I suggested to her _____ to the disco. (we, go).

12.The letter politely requested _____ for interview the next day. ( Ms Willis, present herself)

13.There has been an angry reaction to the proposal _____ to the area. (the UN peace-keeping force, send)

14.Mr. Craddock, the family solicitor, suggested _____ into his office to discuss her late husband’s will. (Ruth, drop)

Ex. 39. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1.It is essential that our prices (remain) competitive.

2.It’s absolutely vital that you (get) this form sent off by the twenty-third of this month.

3.It’s essential that the rich countries (change) their consumption habits.

4.It was imperative that you (not see) her.

5.The husband said it was important that his wife (have) her own career.

6.It’s imperative that we (improve) the physical protection and accounting of nuclear materials.

7.It’s not necessary that the construction following the colon (be) a complete clause. It can be a phrase or even a single word.

8.It was important that he (go) to an Ivy League university.

9.If your sister wants to get into a good university, it is essential that she (have) a good academic record.

10.If you really don’t want to go to Italy, it’s important that you (tell) her before she books the tickets.

11.It’s essential that we (try) to conserve what is left of the natural habitat before it is too late.

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Ex. 40. Paraphrase the italicized words using should or the subjunctive.

1.I suggest waiting a while before we make any firm decision.(we).

2.Commanders ordered their men to avoid retribution (возмездие), but there have been reports of looting (грабежи) and execution of prisoners.

3.President Bush advised Americans to help the country by doing more volunteering.

4.I suggested putting the matter to the committee to hear what they’ve got to say.

5.Realising that the student had deceived her, the teacher demanded to be told the whole truth.

6.The soldiers had been given orders to protect civilians and avoid unnecessary destruction.

7.Doctors advise against putting a thermometer into your child’s mouth because it may cause him to choke.

8.I wanted to pay by check, but the landlady insisted on my paying her in cash.

9.The officer ordered the men to fire the arms.

10.I’d advise waiting till the proper time. (you)

11.They’re insisting on our reporting the matter to the police right away.

12.Caligula ordered his sister’s name to be included with his whenever an oath was taken or a prayer spoken.

13.He proposed dealing directly with the suppliers. (they)

Ex. 41. Translate into English using your active grammar.

1.Я предлагаю отложить обсуждение книги до тех пор, пока вы ее внимательно не изучите. Важно, чтобы вы сделали свои собственные выводы.

2.Так как водитель превысил скорость, полицейский остановил его и потребовал, чтобы он предъявил права. К тому же выяснилось, что водитель был пьян.

3.Важно, чтобы вы не втягивались в дебаты и споры.

4.Члены клуба настаивают на том, чтобы спортивное снаряжение предоставлялось бесплатно.

5.Необходимо, чтобы заинтересованные стороны провели переговоры и как можно скорее уладили конфликт.

6.Предложение провести выборы в мае не встретило одобрения.

7.Он проигнорировал приказ о том, чтобы все гражданские лица сдали огнестрельное оружие.

8.Он очертил круг моих обязанностей и попросил, чтобы я его ежедневно информировал об всем существенном.

9.Министр потребовал, чтобы местные власти обеспечили беженцев предметами первой необходимости.

PURPOSE CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY SO THAT

Purpose clauses answer the questions: What for? For what purpose?

They can be introduced by the conjunctions so that or in order that. (In order that is formal and is not commonly used).

Note: May and might / should are sometimes used, but are not common. e.g. We stepped aside in order that / so that she might pass.

He was wearing a false beard so that we shouldn’t recognize him.

Ex. 42. Translate into Russian. Study the use of modal verbs in purpose clauses.

1.I want my books to be as cheap as possible so that many people can afford to buy them.

2.Gorilla hunters captured the animals so that they could be sent to live in zoos.

3.Long ago, people worshipped the sun as a god. They would offer prayers and gifts to their sun god so that he would always be pleased and always shine his light upon them.

4.She drew the curtains so that the neighbours wouldn’t see them.

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5.In China, since one-child policy began in 1979, there have undoubtedly been many cases of female infanticide (that is, secretly murdering girl babies) so that the mother can try again for a boy.

6.He had got into the way of sitting with his chin slightly thrust out so that the wrinkles in his neck should not show.

7.For me it’s worthwhile paying extra to travel by train just so that I can avoid all the hassles of driving.

8.She gave parties so that the young actors might get to know the manager.

9.She often goes hungry herself so that her children can have enough to eat.

10.“Above all, Remembrance Day is about giving thanks to those who risked everything so that we can continue to know the blessings of freedom,” said Mr. Chrétien.

11.I warned her you’d be late so that she wouldn’t start worrying.

12.The rebels and the opposition parties formed a coalition so that they could defeat the government.

13.The police are waiting for him to regain consciousness so that they can question him about the attack.

14.I deliberately didn’t have lunch so that I would be hungry tonight.

15.We will continue dialogue and discussions about ABM treaty so that we may be able to develop a new strategic framework that enables both of us to meet the true threats of the 21st century as partners and friends, not as adversaries.

16.An immobilizer is a device fitted to a car which stops it from moving so that it cannot be stolen. Some immobilizers not only shut off the engine if someone attempts to steal the car, they also immobilize the doors so that the car thief can’t escape.

17.They carefully closed the window and the door so that not a breath of night air should creep into the bedroom and I made up my bed on the verandah so that I could get a good view of the horses.

Ex. 43. Complete the sentences with purpose clauses.

1.Tom wanted to take her to supper ________ (they, dance).

2.In Japan, they are considering adopting English as a second official language ________ (Japan, compete internationally in the 21st century).

3.If someone lies in ambush they hide and wait for someone ________ (they, attack them).

4.When they got to the hotel Michael came to Julia’s room ________ (they, talk in peace and quiet).

5.She’s studying English at night school ________ (she, go to university).

6.My uncle lifted me onto his shoulders ________ (I, see over the people’s heads).

7.Quarantine is a period of time during which a person or animal that might have a disease is kept away from other people or animals ________ (the disease, not spread).

8.The multinational timber companies often make roads deep into the forests ________ (they, drag the logs away).

Ex. 44. Translate into English using modal verbs in purpose clauses.

1.Стив выключил радио, чтобы шум не мешал ему работать.

2.Профессор указал на различия в подходах двух лидеров к решению проблемы, чтобы студенты смогли сделать вывод о политических взглядах этих лидеров.

3.Управляющий подробно рассказал о предстоящих переменах, чтобы сотрудники поняли, что они коснутся всех.

4.Для него важно благополучие семьи. Он приложит все силы, чтобы его дети были хорошо обеспечены.

5.Ваш друг болезненно реагирует на критику. Постарайтесь быть как можно тактичнее, чтобы не обидеть его, когда будете обсуждать его доклад.

6.Сохранение и восполнение тропических лесов имеет существенное значение для выживания человечества. Мы должны принять срочные меры для того, чтобы леса не были уничтожены.

7.Пилот совершил вынужденную посадку, чтобы не рисковать (to put at risk) безопасностью пассажиров.

8.В район землетрясения направлены спасательные команды, а также врачи-психологи для того, чтобы поддержать надежду в тех, чьи родственники пропали (to be missing), и оказать психологическую помощь.

9.Вам следует внимательно прочитать анкету для того, чтобы понять, какие именно вопросы имеют к вам отношение.

10.Правительство оказало финансовую помощь фермерам для того, чтобы удержать цены на прежнем уровне.

 MODAL VERBS

Introduction

The modal verbs MUST, MAY / MIGHT, CAN / COULD may be used to express degrees of certainty:

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PAST time

Warning: do not use must + not to express deduction in negative sentences! e.g. Он, должно быть, еще не пришел.

He can’t have come yet.

Он, должно быть, не имеет опыта.

He must have no experience. / He must be inexperienced.

Должно быть, он не достал билеты. He must have failed to get the tickets.

1. Deduction: must / can’t (couldn’t)

Ex. 46. Pick out the sentences with the verb must in the sense of deduction. Translate them into Russian.

1.In every decision, there comes a crucial point when you must make up your mind.

2.There must have been a hundred people in this room.

3.Over the past few decades, college-educated women appear to have accepted the idea that babies must take a back seat to professional school and the establishment of a career.

4.Diana’s suitcase lay open on the floor. Next to it was a medicine bottle, its top off and its contents spilled on the carpet. Sixteen-month-old Ryan, big for his age and extremely active, must have unzipped the suitcase and opened the bottle while the family thought he was asleep.

5.I live on a small island off Washington State. All residents must be ferried to a nearby island in order to work, shop and take care of personal business.

6.– I’m an airline pilot.

– Oooh, a pilot! That must be exciting!

7.The captain of the sinking ship told the passengers that they must not abandon hope.

8.The agonizing shrieks of a hundred human voices were plainly distinguishable. I at once knew that we must be in the vicinity of a shipwreck.

9.You must be out of your mind.

10.The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, shepherd, ox, earth, swine, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the words glee, laughter and mirth.

11.The owner of the suitcase must have been healthy – there were no medicine bottles in it.

12.You must be awfully fond of money.

13.I figured, at a rough guess, that the evening must have cost our host at least two thousand dollars.

14.If all are to have similar opportunities, they must have similar starting points.

Ex. 47. Open the brackets using the correct from of the verb.

1.I didn’t have the baggage checks. I must (throw) them away when I went through the customs.

2.She must (walk) in the cold because the colour was hightened along her cheekbones.

3.He smiled charmingly as I walked up to him, then frowned at what must (be) the expression on my face.

4.Then, somehow, I must (get) into my carriage. I saw the open road, and the fields, and trees and bushes.

5.Your family are very well-to-do. Your father is no longer alive, but I assume that he must (leave) considerable dowries for you and your sister.

6.We must (drive) through the streets of Paris for hours and hours, and all the time I cried so much that in the end I could cry no longer.

7.The play must (be) very boring for him, otherwise he wouldn’t have left after the first act.

8.At last I must (fall) asleep, for suddenly I woke up terrified that something dreadful had happened.

9.I must (sit) here for hours. The candles are almost burned down.

10.You give me the impression of being a man with something to hide. I’m not digging for information. It just occurred to me all of a sudden that you must (hide) something.

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11.She must (be) too fast asleep to hear Brian rattling at the door, and only woke up while he was undressing.

12.Rocky lay on the floor and let his great-granddaughter explore his face, his tie, his polished shoes. Watching her climb all over him, I realized how it must (be) for me when I was a baby. He was a living playground.

Ex. 48. Answer the questions using must.

Model: How did these books get on the floor? (they / fall off the shelf) → They must have fallen off the shelf.

1.What is John doing at the moment? (he / talk on the phone)

2.Why didn’t Melanie come to the party? (she / feel unwell)

3.What’s the noise? (they / move the furniture)

4.Where is your wallet? (I / leave it in the car)

5.Why do you think you have a stomachache? (I / eat too much last night)

6.Why didn’t she recognize the children? (they / grow a lot)

7.Why did Karen lose the race? (She / misjudge the ability of the other competitors)

8.Why has Bill become overweight? (he / overeat lately)

9.Why did he make that rude remark? (he / feel resentful about not having been promoted)

10.Why did they break up? (they / fall out of love with each other)

11.How did the burglar get into her house? (she / leave the window unlocked)

12.Why did Joe fall on the floor? (the chair / break under his weight)

13.Why did she lose her temper? (she / be annoyed at the way he tried to take over the whole evening)

14.How did Linda manage to get to work in time? (she / take a taxi)

15.Why don’t they let him into the building? (he / have no security clearance)

Ex. 49. Fill in the gaps with must or can’t / couldn’t followed by the correct form of the verb.

1.He _____ (receive) a loan from the bank. The bank refuses to lend to students.

2.The countryside looked parched and brown so there _____ (be) a draught that summer.

3.– It’s amazing that the police arrived so quickly.

–The receptionist _____ (push) the panic button when the gunman came into the building.

4.Their unshakeable faith in each other _____ (be) a crucial factor in their relationship.

5.He _____ (resign) after getting a pay increase. He had spent ages negotiating for it.

6.You’ve only got to look at her to see that she’s not well. She _____ (run) a temperature.

7.The burglar _____ (get) away through the kitchen window. When the police arrived the window was wide open.

8.It’s not really in her nature to be aggressive. She _____ (be) violent towards her brother.

9.As sales manager he _____ (be) very involved in the promotion and marketing of the product.

10.The parents _____ (neglect) the child. Otherwise he wouldn’t have been taken away from them.

11.– He had a car accident.

–He _____ (drive) at high speed on a wet road.

12.He _____ (be) of the opinion that teaching is a rewarding and important job if he discourages his children from becoming teachers.

13.He _____ (do) so much in so brief a time.

Ex. 50. Translate into English using must or can / could.

1.Шум, должно быть, мешал ему работать. Поэтому он выключил радио.

2.Не может быть, чтобы вы прочитали книгу внимательно, если не помните ее содержание.

3.Водитель, должно быть, превысил скорость. Иначе полицейский не остановил бы его.

4.Фрэнк, должно быть, не имел возможности взвесить все за и против поездки в Африку.

5.Стив, должно быть, отнесся к предложению о сотрудничестве с осторожностью и решил не идти на риск.

6.Не может быть, чтобы она вмешивалась в отношения своей дочери с ее мужем. Не может быть, чтобы ей не хватало такта и выдержки.

7.Полиция, должно быть, занимается расследованием его причастности к краже.

8.Должно быть, общество находится в критическом состоянии, если люди подобные Виллису приходят к власти.

9.Должно быть, его дух был сломлен, иначе он бы сделал попытку исправить положение.

10.Должно быть, в его распоряжении не было свободных денег, поэтому он не купил новый автомобиль.

2. Possibility: may / might / could

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Warning: Use may not / might not (NOT “could not”) to express negative possibility!

Can – theoretical possibility

The verb can may be used to express a more general or “theoretical” possibility.

Anyone can make a mistake. (= People often make mistakes)

Winter sports can be dangerous. (= Winter sports are often dangerous.)

She could be very annoying. (= She was often very annoying.)

could + have + past participle

– is used to talk about something which was possible but did not take place (unrealized past possibility). I could have spent a week in Venice, but I didn’t want to.

It could have been wonderful. (But it wasn’t wonderful)

might and could in conditionals

The verbs might and could can be used in conditional sentences or in the sentences with implied condition. If she took some exercise, she might not be so fat. (=…she possibly wouldn’t be so fat)

If the weather had been nicer, we could have gone out. (=...we would have been able to go out) In your place I might have done the same thing. (=...perhaps I would have done the same thing)

may / might (very) well = it’s quite likely

She may / might well come along a bit later.

Вполне возможно (весьма вероятно), она подойдет попозже.

Ex. 51. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive. Explain the meaning of the modal verbs.

1.Relatives speculated that Lila Gamble, a longtime diabetic, may (go) into insulin shock and lost control of the car.

2.Recent studies appear to show that Japan has become far less egalitarian. Some economists say the trend may not (be) an entirely bad thing, since it may (make) the economy more dynamic.

3.What creatures are deadliest to humans?

No contest: mosquitoes. Over the course of history the malarial parasite carried by mosquitoes may (kill) more people than all the wars that have ever been fought.

4.I felt dizzy and was afraid I might (faint) again.

5.The victim might not (be) defenseless, he might, in fact, (have) a weapon.

6.He could (avoid) these problems if he had followed your advice.

7.The likeness between the two men was striking. Indeed, they could (be) brothers instead of first cousins.

8.He talked with such tender intimacy that we might (be) friends for years.

9.On the night before the wedding Betsy nearly broke down, she was afraid things might (go) wrong.

10.The bullet could (come) from Sacco’s pistol, it could equally (fire) by some other gun.

11.At the moment they may (talk) about tomorrow’s reception.

12.While on the South Pacific island of Fatu Hiva, Thor Heyerdahl became fascinated with the notion that people of primitive cultures could (migrate) across the sea long before the Europeans did.

13.Deciding too quickly can (bring) disastrous consequences; delaying too long can (mean) missed opportunities. Often, when you decide is as important as the decision itself.

14.If the rock had hit the windshield, the driver could (kill).

15.Guinea pigs are raised for food in Ecuador, and are said to be higher in protein and lower in fat than beef. They can (be) purchased alive for consumption at home or taken right off the barbecue spit at roadside stands.

Ex. 52.Translate into Russian paying attention to may / might well (вполне возможно).

1.Central Asia’s Fergana Valley may very well be the crucible (плавильный тигель) for the World’s next Taliban.

2.Measures to curb inequality may well require international harmonisation.

3.If you need some soap, try the drugstore, though it may well be closed by now.

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4.Students who cheat in class may well cheat in their jobs or on their spouses.

5.This may very well lead to environmentally friendly behaviour, but on the other hand it may not.

6.She may well be the best person to ask.

7.Problems with body temperature may well have brought about the death of dinosaurs.

8.His life might well have been saved if he had been taken to hospital sooner.

9.We lost the football match, but we might well have won if one of our players hadn’t been hurt.

10.A reduction in nuclear defences may well increase the likelihood of a nuclear war.

May not versus Cannot

Ex. 53. Fill in the gaps with may not / might not or cannot / could not to express negative possibility or negative deduction.

1.He _____ be involved in the crime! It’s absolutely impossible.

2.I don’t know whether he will like this idea. He _____ like it at all.

3.– Why did Robert leave his last job?

–Who knows? He _____ have got along with his boss or he _____ have found the job satisfying.

4.She _____ be married. She is under 18.

5.John doesn’t have a car, so he _____ have given you a lift.

6.I’m beginning to think I _____ be cut out for politics; I’m not sure my heart is strong enough.

7.He _____ have come to Katie’s leaving party on Friday. He is away on holiday in Greece.

8.She _____ have fooled them; they’re much too clever for that.

9.Bob _____ have been telling the truth. Who knows? – and does it really matter?

10.Jane knows perfectly well that Steve never returns his debts, so she _____ have lent him the money.

11.If we don’t get the money, we’ll lose the campaign; but if we do get the money, we still _____ win. I’m not at all sure than we can.

12.Things _____ be as bad as this survey suggests; however, this survey should serve as a kind of warning.

13.If you go to Paris you _____ find it as exciting and wonderful as you have expected.

14.Don’t get any closer – it _____ be safe.

15.– Why wasn’t he accepted to the college?

–Who knows? He _____ have satisfied the entrance requirements.

Ex. 54. Paraphrase the underlined part of each sentence using may, might, or could to express negative possibility or unrealized past possibility.

1.It was possible for Dave to apply for the position of marketing manager, but he didn’t want to.

2.It’s possible that she was waiting for someone else to speak, but I’m not sure.

3.Perhaps they have been following us since we left home, but I’m not really sure.

4.It was possible for Pete to attend the meeting, but he didn’t think there was any need for all of us to go.

5.Maybe the garage has given up selling petrol, but I don’t know for sure.

6.It was possible for them to stay indoors on a rainy night, but they didn’t.

7.Perhaps their relatives gave them expensive gifts, but you can never be sure.

8.It was possible for Robbie to go on a hike, but he was with me the whole weekend.

9.It’s possible that they have found a suitable house, but I’m not sure.

10.It’s possible that he received a telephone call that required his immediate attention. Who knows?

Ex. 55. Translate into English using modal verbs.

1.Вполне возможно, что правительство примет чрезвычайные меры в связи с недавними событиями.

2.Она, может быть, и вмешивается в его личные дела, но я не знаю наверняка.

3.После окончания Итона Джордж Орвел мог бы подать заявление о приеме в университет, но он решил отправиться в Бирму в качестве государственного служащего.

4.Если бы в его распоряжении было больше времени, он, возможно, справился бы с контрольной лучше.

5.Вполне возможно, что за короткое время им удалось приобрести необходимые навыки и умения.

6.Возможно, этот древний город, расположенный на перекрестке торговых путей, пришел в упадок в результате того, что изменилась структура торговли.

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