yastrebova-vladykina_uchebnik_2_kursa

2)исход

3)массовый уход / выезд

5.Poor quality of life, bad schools, fear of crime, congestion and pollution are the main reasons why people leave (cities).

congestion

1)перенаселенность и перегруженность транспортом

2)«пробка» (на дороге)

3)антисанитарные условия

6.Because of their industrial past, most English cities are scarred by vast tracts of derelict land and empty buildings – redundant gasworks, railway goods yards, abandoned warehouses.

derelict

1)реликтовый

2)бесхозный, брошенный

3)непригодный к использованию

7.More local shops and amenities should be placed near improved public transport hubs (транспортные узлы) within walking distance of homes.

amenities

1)удобства

2)красоты

3)поправки

8.London and Leeds are beginning to enjoy an “urban renaissance”, with a greater influx of single people and childless couples moving back to well-designed homes near public transport, social and commercial facilities.

influx

1)колебание

2)отток

3)приток

Skim the text to find out if it is meant for:

1.city planners

2.public at large

3.politicians

4.city dwellers

Let’s Cram More into the City

1.England is a small country with a large population, the third most densely populated country in the world after Bangladesh and Holland. Yet we continue to believe that the future belongs to suburbs, or rather to suburban sprawl. Suburbs, however, are wasteful: they waste land (using up to eight times the amount of a typical urban area), they waste energy (five times as much as an urban area) and they waste public money.

2.The more you move away from a town centre, the less efficient services become. Public transport becomes either more expensive or more scarce (or both), forcing people to use cars. Water, sewers and rubbish collection become inefficient. In the US, it is estimated that about £15,000 of federal subsidy goes into every home built on a greenfield site. In this country, the “hidden” costs of roads, sewers, lighting and services are likely to be much higher. The bill doubles if you take into account the social and physical costs of inner-city deprivation – when people, shops and jobs move out, leaving the poor to live in a desolate ghost town. Suburban houses may seem cheaper to build, and therefore to buy, but this is because their price does not reflect their true environmental cost.

3.High-density environments1, by contrast, provide the critical mass to make public services work more effectively. They bring a sense of cohesion and community that contributes to safety and civic pride. They can help generate the mix of uses, the sense of security and the quality of public spaces that make urban living attractive, with shops lining

the streets and homes overlooking landscaped spaces, parks and playgrounds. They have the potential to be ecologically sustainable2, economically strong and socially inclusive3.

4.It is widely assumed that most of the new homes must be in suburbs or on greenfield sites, because that is what people will demand. People, it is argued, do not like living in overcrowded, noisy cities: they have abandoned towns and cities in droves over the past 30 years. But if the urban environment is attractive and well cared for, it can attract

1районы с высокой плотностью населения

2имеющий благоприятные перспективы

3создающий равные возможности для всех социальных групп

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people of all incomes and classes. If it is brutal, people want to move out. The long exodus to the suburbs is not driven by a fatal attraction to suburban lifestyles. The “push” factors are as strong as the “pull”. Poor quality of life, bad schools, fear of crime, congestion and pollution are the main reasons why people leave.

5.The planning debate – about the need for new homes and where to put them – is often discussed as though it were merely about saving the countryside. But it is also about saving our cities. It is about tackling poverty, too.

6.The physical state of our cities and the new types of housing demand point to the same solutions. Because of their industrial past, most English cities are scarred by vast tracts of derelict land and empty buildings – redundant gasworks, railway goods yards, abandoned warehouses. These “brownfield” sites, often near city centres and close to public transport, are perfectly placed to accommodate the type of housing required by single people. They provide the opportunity to create compact and sustainable urban communities with good schools, well-designed homes and public spaces that will even attract families with children back to the city.

7.To solve the town / country problem, then, we must start at the centre of our cities. We must use all available land

– brownfield or simply leftover spaces – in a sustainable way. Many of our existing suburbs could be “retrofitted” with new facilities and new residents who would bring activity and spending power to existing communities.

More local shops and amenities should be placed near improved public transport hubs within walking distance of homes and houses in areas with spare capacity1. There are encouraging signs that the tide is beginning to turn. Parts of Manchester, London and Leeds are beginning to enjoy an “urban renaissance” with a greater influx of single people and childless couples moving back to well-designed homes near public transport, social and com-

mercial facilities.

/Richard Rogers & Richard Burdet, New Statesman, May 22, 2000/

Read the text again and choose the main idea of each paragraph from the sentences below to make an outline of a summary

paragraph 1

a.England is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.

b.Suburbs are wasteful.

c.The future belongs to the suburbs.

paragraph 2

a.The more you move away from a town centre, the less efficient services become.

b.Building houses in the country demands government subsidies.

c.Inner-cities have become ghost towns.

paragraph 3

a.Urban living is more attractive.

b.High-density environments provide the critical mass to make public services work more efficiently.

c.High-density environments have the potential to be ecologically sustainable, economically strong and socially inclusive.

paragraph 4

a.Over the past 30 years people of all incomes and classes have moved to the suburbs.

b.People like to live in the suburbs.

c.Poor quality of life, bad schools, fear of crime, congestion and pollution are the main reasons why people leave cities.

paragraph 5

The debate about city planning is concerned with

a.saving the countryside.

b.saving the cities.

c.saving the countryside and the cities, as well as tackling poverty.

paragraph 6

a.Most English cities are scarred by vast tracts of derelict land and empty buildings.

b.“Brownfield” sites are ideal to build houses for single people.

c.“Brownfield” sites provide the opportunity to create compact and sustainable urban communities with good schools, well-designed homes and public spaces that will even attract families with children back to the city.

paragraph 7

a.To solve the town / country problem we must start at the centre of our cities.

b.We must use all available land – brownfield or simply left-over spaces – in a sustainable way.

1 наличие земли, пригодной для дальнейшей застройки

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c. More local shops and amenities should be placed near improved public transport hubs.

Evaluating a Piece of Writing

To Evaluate a Piece of Writing, that is to judge the worth of what you read, it is helpful to bear the following questions in mind:

What is the author’s purpose – for example, to inform, persuade, or entertain?

How well does the author succeed in this purpose?

What audience does the author have in mind, and how does this help shape the content, organization, tone, and style of the writing?

Does the author state his or her ideas clearly?

Does the author organize these ideas in an effective manner?

Does the author provide sufficient detail to support his or her points – examples, facts, statistics, reasons, quotations, anecdotes, and so on?

Does the author clearly separate fact from opinion?

Does the author rely primarily on logic to make his or her points? Does the author appeal to the reader’s emotions?

Does the author take into account different points of view relating to the topic?

Answer the questions to evaluate the essay “Let’s Cram More Into Cities”.

Ex. 50. Use these phrasal verbs to make the sentences sound less formal.

1.Once we’ve managed to cope with the difficulties of the first few months, we should be making profit.

2.There’s been a mix-up. I’ll deal with it and call you back.

3.It took Deborah eight years to understand why country living wasn’t working for her.

4.I’m going to discuss the matter with my lawyer.

5.We invited our neighbours to lunch at the White Horse on Sunday.

6.The tabloid newspapers have started writing about the Princess’s affair again.

7.It wasn’t an easy problem to solve. We spent hours talking about it trying to find a solution.

8.She has progressed immensely from her school days, turning into a sophisticated young lady.

9.He tried to keep fit and went to the gym twice a week but soon found regular exercise exhausting.

10.In the late 50s the Soviet Union produced more nuclear arms than the USA.

11.If you don’t improve your behaviour, I’ll have to contact your parents.

Ex. 51. Fill in the missing phrasal verbs.

Time was when you were 1) _______ at work or arguing too much with your spouse, you called your mom or dad for advice. If they couldn’t help, you probably 2) ________ your troubles with a friend. If you lived in a metropolitan area (and had decent insurance), you might have gone to a therapist 3) ________ the underlying conflicts. But you wouldn’t have hired a coach. Those were the guys who helped you 4) ________ at the gym. But why should the athletically inclined get all the attention? More and more folks are finding that coaches may help you 5) ________ .Needing help find-

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ing a new career? Wondering when 6) ________ your wife? Trying 7) ________ whether you want to move house? No question is too vexing 8) ________ with your coach.

Unlike psychotherapists, “life coaches” won’t 9) ________ bad memories. They will tell you what to do and how to reach your goals. Says Marcia Reynolds, President of the International Coaching Federation: ”We are here to help you

10) _______ the obstacles and 11) _______ .”

Ex. 52. Give a free translation into English.

1.Урбанизация рассматривается как, в целом, позитивная тенденция развития мира, так как этот процесс создает всё большему числу жителей планеты условия для более удобной, безопасной и здоровой жизни, для более полного развития способностей. Конечно, урбанизации сопутствуют не только позитивные перемены в жизни людей, но и отрицательные. Можно долго перечислять те негативные факторы, которые сегодня связывают с неконтролируемой урбанизацией. Это и загрязнение окружающей среды, перенаселенность и возникающие в связи

сней «кварталы бедных» в городах-мегаполисах, повышенная преступность и многие другие нежелательные явления.

Заметим, также, что идеология и психология потребительства в существенной степени рождаются именно в условиях городского стиля жизни. Чем крупнее город, тем выше его потенциал по части удовлетворения потребительских запросов его населения.

2.Уже в XVIII веке (back in the 18th cent.) в Англии, когда даже Лондон не насчитывал 1 млн. жителей, стихийно возникло специфическое явление, получившее название пригородной эмиграции (suburban migration) – стремление людей к переселению в пригородные районы. Явление это охватило прежде всего состоятельные слои населения, которые располагали для поездки в город личными экипажами. В XIX веке переселение в пригороды зажиточных слоев населения приобретает более широкие масштабы как в Европе, так и в США. Это связано с развитием общественного транспорта и железных дорог. В начале века, с распространением личного автотранспорта, отток населения в пригороды шел волна за волной, захватывая в том числе и людей с относительно невысоким доходом. Иметь в пригороде дом и земельный участок с садом стало предметом особого престижа, своеобразным символом высокого социального положения.

В России движение населения в пригородные зоны городов приобрело массовый характер лишь в послевоенное время (с 50-х годов) и пошло по линии приобретения садовых участков и дач, используемых по преимуществу в летнее время. Ныне многие российские города окружены многослойным кольцом садоводческих кооперативов и дачных поселков. Пригородные земли и ландшафты подвергаются довольно сильному антропогенному воздействию: возникает множество новых дорог и троп, вырубаются зеленые насаждения, загрязняются реки и водоемы, увеличивается поток людей и машин, что приводит, в конечном счете, к резкому изменению пригородных экосистем.

3.Становится актуальной задача создания специальных механизмов, сдерживающих урбанизацию. В “Повестке дня на XXI век”, принятой Конференцией ООН в Рио-де-Жанейро в 1992 г., задача ставится следующим образом: “Для того, чтобы уменьшить миграцию в большие города, правительства должны улучшать условия жизни в сельских районах и поощрять развитие городов среднего размера, предоставляющих рабочие места и жилье. Необходимо разумное управление, чтобы предотвратить расширение городов за счет сельскохозяйственных земель и районов с хрупкой экологией”.

Один из возможных путей развития систем расселения мог бы состоять в следующем. Ядрами этих систем должны стать города с населением не более 500 тыс. человек. Непосредственно к городам примыкают сельскохозяйственные земли, которые препятствуют пространственному расширению городов. За сельскохозяйственными землями формируется пояс рекреационных территорий. Здесь располагаются санатории, дома отдыха, туристические базы, пансионаты и прочие рекреационные объекты.

Между городом и примыкающими к нему селами устанавливаются тесные экономические связи. Развитые системы транспортной коммуникации и связи делают для селян легкодоступными культурные, образовательные, торговые и другие городские учреждения и предприятия, а для горожан – рекреационные объекты. Для перевозок используется по преимуществу общественный транспорт. Переселенческая миграция между городом и деревней не будет ничем ограничена, зато должна будет исчезнуть пригородная эмиграция (садовые и огородные участки, дачи и т.д.). Можно ожидать, что в этом случае установится естественное динамическое равновесие между городом и селом.

 SPEAKING 5

☻ Pairwork

1.Make a list of problems facing large cities today.

2.Discuss your list with a partner and decide which problems are particularly urgent.

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3. Compare the resulting list with the lists of other pairs.

☻ Role Play

Workshop

Sustainable Urban Development under the auspices of Moscow Government

Participants discuss two major problems facing large cities: congestion and pollution. They are expected to suggest solutions. Roles can be added and subtracted as necessary.

Role 1. Chairperson Ms/Mr Voronin(a), Russia (file 1)

You must lead the meeting. You must open the meeting, outline the problems to be discussed (congestion and pollution), introduce the speakers, make sure everyone gets their say. In the end you must sum up the suggestions made and close the meeting.

Role 2. Ms/Mr Quinze, Brazil ( file 1 para 3, 13, 14)

You are an urban planner and architect who worked for the former mayor of Curitiba Jaime Lerner. You are to speak about the transformation of Curitiba into a model city. Explain how the transportation problem has been addressed.

Role 3. Ms/Mr Favelado, Brazil (file 1 para 5, 6, 8, 10, 11)

You are a member of Curitiba City Council. You are to talk about ways to deal with environmental pollution , drawing on Curitiba’s experience.

Role 4. Ms/Mr Jettison, the USA (file 3)

You are a professor at the University of California.You’ve done an independent study of congestion related problems.

Role 5. Ms/Mr Bodrov(a), Russia (file 2)

You are an urban planner and are on the urban development committee. You are to speak about Moscow’s most urgent problems and the plans of Moscow Government.

Role 6. Ms/Mr Li Qiang, China (file 4)

You are the chief engineer of Shanghai Urban Planning Administration Bureau. You are to speak about traffic and pollution in Shanghai. Explain why the measures taken by the city authorities proved inadequate.

Role 7. Ms/Mr Minin(a), Russia (file 2)

You are an environmentalist. You are to voice your concern about the rapid growth of the city and congestion and their impact on the environment.

Each participant is to speak for 2–5 minutes. All participants are expected to take notes of what the others are saying, and ask questions. After everyone has had their say, suggestions are expected to be made as to the best way of addressing urgent problems. The participants are free to choose which particular problem(s) they want to discuss.

Files on each city are given in Appendix III, 1. Useful language can be found in Appendix III, 2. Look up unit 8, Speaking 1 (2) for other useful phrases.

READING 6

Pre-reading questions:

1.What is a healthy lifestyle, in your opinion?

2.Have you or any of your peers chosen a healthy lifestyle? Why?

3.In what countries are people more concerned about healthy living? Why?

Scan the article to find out the facts about substance abuse among high school seniors.

Unhealthy Habits

How well are teens taking care of themselves? Here is a report card on some of their choices

OK, there are those dreaded pimples and that mess of raging hormones. But most American teens aren’t battling the scourges of adulthood – cancer, heart disease, arthritis. What young people are facing is their own minefield of health risks: an overwhelming array of behavioral and lifestyle choices and pressures from what to eat to whether or not to smoke or use illegal drugs. What they decide now could affect their health for a lifetime. Here’s a look at how they’re doing:

Eating: Snack foods and sodas rule. On a scale of zero to 100 in the government’s Healthy Eating Index (80 and up being “good”), teens scored in the low 60s, which means “needs improvement”. Only about one in 10 adolescents gets

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the recommended two to four daily servings of fruit. They do slightly better with veggies, with about one fourth scarfing down the recommended three to five. But that doesn’t mean they’re filling up on carrots and spinach – french fries, potato chips and pizza sauce all count.

Even more worrisome are a disturbing duo: eating disorders and rising obesity. More than half of all teen girls say they are or should be on a diet – incessantly battling the 40 pounds they naturally gain as they grow between the ages of 8 and 14. About 3 percent take it to the extreme, spiraling into bulimia or anorexia. There are no precise numbers, but researchers say eating disorders appear to be on the rise and are affecting children as young as 8. The health effects include osteoporosis, organ failure – even death. While far more common in girls, boys are also vulnerable. And they have their own obsession: the muscular look. Jackie Berning of the American Dietetic Association says creatine, an amir 3 acid supplement used by athletes to build muscle power, is now “the hot new thing” among teen boys. Most assume it’s harmless, but its safety hasn’t been tested long term.

Experts are increasingly worried about obesity, too. Today a record one in five teens is overweight (as defined by weight-to-height ratio), putting them at increased risk for heart disease, the nation’s No. 1 killer. The immediate effects are already evident: weight-related type II diabetes – once called “adult-onset” – is now being diagnosed more frequently in adolescents. Sedentary lifestyles are a big part of the problem. Daily enrollment in high-school P. E. classes dropped from 42 percent in 1991 to 25 percent in 1995. And when teens aren’t working after school or slogging through homework, many are watching TV or surfing the chat rooms. Burning energy? Not.

Sleeping: Given the hurried-up, tech-driven lives they lead, adolescents aren’t exactly well rested. They should get at least nine hours of sleep every night, but only about 15 percent do. And a full quarter get less than six, says Dr. Mary

Carskadon of Brown University. They’re “hugely sleep deprived”, she says. High-school students, whose biological clocks keep them up later at night, have it the worst. Nearly 40 percent go to sleep after 11 o’clock on school nights, but have to be alert at their desks as early as 7.15. “It’s equivalent to sending adults to a business meeting at 4 a.m.”, says Dr. Mark Mahowald, director of the Minneapolis Regional Sleep Disorders Center. Some schools are changing their clocks to address the problem. At Broughton High in Raleigh, N. C., the opening bell was moved from 7: 30 to 8: 15 last August. A little more sleep – and maybe even time for breakfast. “They seem more awake and ready to learn,” says assistant principal Mike Ludwich.

Drinking, drugs and smoking: There is some preliminary good news here. Drinking, some drug use and cigarette smoking either held fairly steady or declined slightly last year after climbing in the early-to-mid-1990s according to the

University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. Many teens are getting the message and deciding it’s cool to stay clean. But still, there are more than 3,000 new young cigarette smokers every day in this country. One third of high school seniors have used marijuana and about the same number now qualify as binge drinkers, consuming five or more drinks in a row over the course of two weeks. About one in 20 high schoolers has used the club-drug ecstasy, and heroin use has doubled since 1991. “You can’t go to a party where someone isn’t smoking weed or getting a drink,” says 17- year-old Marcus Robinson, a peer counselor and junior at Westlake High in Ohio. The side effects are huge: both smoking and drinking make kids much more likely to have sex, placing them at higher risk for STDs.

Mental health: Eating disorders, sleep problems and substance abuse can all be critical clues to mental turmoil. Anxiety disorders are the most pervasive psychiatric problems in teens: 13 percent of children between 9 and 17 su f- fer social phobia. The big concern is suicide, which is highly associated with depression. Every year, one in 13 highschool students attempts suicide – girls try to kill themselves more often than boys, but boys succeed far more frequently. “An amazing number of kids are either thinking about suicide or making suicide attempts or even dying,” says Dr. David Shaffer, a child psychiatrist at Columbia University. Shaffer is hopeful that a decline in teen suicides over the last few years will continue downward, but the rate is still staggering – three times higher among males in the 1990s than it was in the early 1960s.

In the end, teens should and will make their own choices. But they’re more likely to make the best ones if the adults in their lives do the right thing – communicate, pay attention and set a good example themselves.

/Claudia Kalb, Newsweek, May 8, 2000/

Read the article for detail and answer comprehension questions. Do Ex 53 first.

Comprehension questions:

1.What eating habits do American adolescents have?

2.Why do some teen girls suffer from bulimia and anorexia?

3.What are the boys obsessed with?

4.Why do many teens become obese?

5.What kind of sleep problems do they have?

6.Why do many teens decide “to stay clean”?

7.What are the side effects of substance abuse?

8.Are most American teens mentally healthy?

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9. Who should help teenagers make the right choice?

Language Work

Ex. 53. Look through the definitions of informal or slang words from the text. Match the italicized words in the text with the correct definitions.

1.to work hard at something without stopping, especially if the work is boring and difficult

2.fashionable

3.a short period when you do too much of something, especially drinking alcohol

4.to look quickly through information on the computer Internet for anything that interests you

5.to eat something very quickly and noisily

Why do you think these words are used in a newspaper article?

Ex. 54. Explain the following words and phrases from the text.

1.to battle the scourges of adulthood

2.a minefield of health risks

3.snack foods and soda rule

4.veggies

5.incessantly battling the 40 pounds

6.creatine is “the hot new thing”

7.“adult-onset” disease

8.tech-driven lives

9.to get the message

10.the rate is staggering

Ex. 55. Look through the text and pick out the words and word combinations which are topical vocabulary. Check them against the list “Unhealthy habits”, part IV in the Glossary.

SPEAKING 6

Discussion questions:

☻ Read the extract below and say whether you agree that exercising can turn into addiction. Prove your point.

Exercise addiction might sound like a contradiction in terms to the average person who struggles even to make it to a once-weekly step aerobics class. But while the majority of Britons still fail to raise their bottoms off the sofa often enough to satisfy the medical profession, a growing number of men and women simply can’t stop working out. Experts are now warning that overdoing things at the gym might be as harmful as overt laziness and can ultimately prove destructive to body and mind.

☻ Read the following advice about stress. Do you think it is useful to the people in Russia?

Which do you think is worth taking?

Which is the easiest to follow? Which is next to impossible? What makes you think so?

Dealing with Stress

Stress is a normal and necessary part of life. It is often a great motivator to get things done. However, excessive stress can produce symptoms such as insomnia, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, irritability, aggression, and so on. If left unchecked, these symptoms can lead to illness and physical and emotional dysfunction.

Learn to recognize the things that cause you the most trouble. While you may not be able to avoid them, it will be reassuring to know they are the source of the stress and will help you feel more in control.

Accept the fact that stress-related discomfort is normal.

Try different methods (there is not one that works for everyone) to relieve your stress until you find something that works. However, avoid using drugs (including alcohol and tobacco) to relieve stress.

Avoid worrying about things over which you have no control. Try to keep your immediate stressful situation in perspective with your long-term goals and with the things that are most important to you.

Exercise is a very effective way of coping with stress. Exercise will help to calm you, and if you are fit, your body will be better able to cope with stress.

If your stress is due to personality conflicts with other people – especially if there is a family conflict – seek counseling for guidance and support.

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☻ Read the information provided by the UN Population Fund and say whether the project described is feasible. Give your arguments.

UN Population Fund Finances the Project on the Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles among Russian Adolescents.

The Project on “Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles for Russian Adolescents”, now being implemented jointly by the

Russian Ministry of General and Professional Education and UNESCO with financial assistance from the UN Population Fund, is intended to contribute to the prevention of the negative processes currently finding wide acceptance among Russian youth (drug addiction, substance abuse, alcoholism, smoking and use of tobacco products, the growth of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, as well as the high level of teen pregnancies, abortions, etc.), and having an extremely negative impact on the health of children and adolescents, including their reproductive health.

The project’s main goal is to instill in the generation of Russians now coming of age 3 responsible attitude to their own health, and the health of those around them, as a basic human value, and to make this attitude a standard in their lives.

One of the project’s purposes is the integration of issues of healthy lifestyle into schools curriculum. In addition, UNESCO together with the Ministry of Education plans to publish a series of books and brochures on healthy lifestyle for various categories of readers, such as students, school health care workers, parents, etc. The development of a working model of extracurricular activity for promotion of healthy lifestyle for Russian adolescents is also planned as part of the project. The Ministry also plans to conduct a wide-scale information and advocacy campaign.

 WRITING 4

Generalisations

In a survey report it is often necessary to make general comments, i.e. support facts by generalisations.

e.g. Fact:

Only about one in ten adolescents gets the recommended two to four daily servings of fruit.

Generalisation:

This shows that a great majority of young people do not get the necessary daily supply of vitamins.

Ex. 56. a) Match facts with generalisations.

Facts:

1.There are more than 3,000 new young smokers every day in the U.S.

2.More than 60% of Americans are obese or overweight – 20 years ago, it was 47%.

3.Sales of homeopathic medicine have increased by 72% over the past five years.

4.77% of the young people surveyed said they would like to vote in the coming election.

5.43% of respondents answered “no” to the question “Do politics or politicians have any impact on your life?”.

Generalisations:

a.This indicates that not many Americans have adopted healthy habits.

b.This shows that more and more people are turning to alternative health methods.

c.This demonstrates that many young people in the UK are skeptical about how much of a difference formal politics make.

d.This shows that smoking is still on the rise in the US.

e.This indicates that the majority of young Britons feel it is important to use their vote.

b)Read the facts and write generalisations using the prompts given in brackets. Facts:

1.4% of the young people polled are members of a political party.(to be politically engaged)

2.A quarter of respondents have taken part in a protest march or demonstration; 68% have organized an event to raise money for charity.(to help the poor and the needy)

3.When asked which are the most important issues for them, 71 per cent of young people nominated schools, and 80 per cent – colleges and universities.(the main priority)

4.Among important issues only 25 per cent of respondents mentioned a single European currency, while 24 per cent went for military action abroad. (to come low on the list of priorities)

5.One out of six deaths in the US. every year is a result of cigarette smoking.(a cause of premature death)

6.Over 10,000 young people are killed, and 40,000 are injured annually in alcohol-related car accidents.(alcohol abuse)

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(Some of) the evidence shows that It is doubtful if / that

“Cautious” adverbs and nouns:

Ex. 61. Rewrite the following statements using “cautious” words from the list above.

e.g. While the majority have some sense of political engagement, there is deep scepticism about how much of a difference formal politics make.

While the majority evidently have some sense of political engagement, there appears to be deep scepticism about how much of a difference formal politics make.

1.A small percentage of young Britons are concerned about single parents’ benefits.

2.A slightly larger percentage of the young people think that it is important to fund the arts.

3.Training for under 25s is of particular importance to many young Britons.

4.Few young people in Britain regard voting as unimportant.

5.A majority of young people believe that crime and policing is an important issue.

6.A vast majority of young Britons consider education the most important issue.

7.More than half the young people find no difference between the two main political parties.

8.A large number of the young voters think that the most important difference between the two political parties is their attitude to the pound.

9.Of all political activities the most popular among the young Britons is raising money for charities.

10.One can make a conclusion that the British political system does not represent accurately the concerns of the young generation.

Ex. 62. Write a survey report “What young Britons think about the great issues of our time” using the data below.

A. Discuss the views of Britain’s 15 - to 21-year-olds using the results of the survey conducted by New Statesman seven weeks before the general election in May 2001.

1. An election is expected to be called in the next few weeks; would you like to vote?

Yes 6409

No 1940

Total 8349

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%

2. All the main political parties have policies on the following issues; which of them are particularly important to you?

3. What do you think are the important differences between the two main parties?

One helps the rich, the other the poor 22%

One will spend on education and health, the other won’t 28% One will keep the pound, the other won’t 42%

One will stop me doing what I like, the other won’t 13% One will create jobs, the other won’t 23%

One cares for the future of the planet, the other doesn’t 21% One cares about the developing world, the other doesn’t 19%

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