yastrebova-vladykina_uchebnik_2_kursa

кий случай; take an umbrella in case it rains; in that / any case в таком / любом случае; we have to go past your house in any case, so we will take you home

2)мед. заболевание; больной; a case of pneumonia

3)юр. судебное дело; аргументы, факты; the case for the defendant факты в пользу подсудимого

4)аргументация, доводы; the case for / against smth доводы в пользу / против; to have a good case иметь хорошую аргументацию; he has no case у него недостаточно доводов; the case for the revision of the agreement доводы в пользу пе-

ресмотра соглашения

15.inevitable adj неизбежный, неминуемый

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чивый; fixed idea

3) назначенный at the fixed time

Ex. 63. Fill in the gaps with the derivatives of the words in the margin. In some sentences use both the prefix and the suffix.

5.While the global information network brings us closer together, the distance between the “haves” and the “have nots”

1 остролист – ветви этого дерева используются как рождественское украшение

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18.Carl Luce had the highest IQ of any boy at our school and I thought we might have a slightly intellectual conversation

 VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Ex. 64. Fill in the missing words and word combinations from Vocabulary List 2.

1.Mildred proposed to find in Brighton some woman who would be willing to take _____ of the baby.

2.In _____ of emergency the district doctor had to be sent for; he was a qualified man, and the district was in his______.

3.Soon the race started. The horses took off at _____ speed.

4.He said he did not like her. Yet he was _____ to know about her.

5.Students study under the direct supervision of _____, members of college faculties who maintain close relationships with the small groups of students in their_____ and assist them in preparing for university exams.

6.He began his career in federal government service in 1937; from 1943 to 1945 he was in_______ of the criminal division.

7.Conservative candidate had announced his intention of _____ a meeting at Blackstable.

8.“It is a formidable difficulty, and I fear that you ask too much when you expect me to ___ it.”

9.Philip always went to the tavern with a sense of pleasure. His friend Macalister, was generally there and glad to_______about any subject under the sun.

10.He is the independent traveller, who uses Cook’s tickets because they _____ trouble.

11.Someone mentioned that the journey between the two areas was unpleasant, consisting of crossing a hot, empty desert. “_____,” said the traveller, “I’ll just fly.”

12.He tried to read, but he could not _____ his attention; and yet it was necessary that he should work hard.

13.Most health services are provided _____ for low-income groups and at moderate charges for others.

14.Darcy did everything; made up the match, gave the money, paid the fellow’s debts, and got him his commission! So much the better. It will ____ me a world of trouble and economy.

15.The cost of higher education varies by type of institution. ____ is the highest at private 4-year institutions, and the lowest at public 2-year institutions.

16.The Western conquest of Japan in World War II, followed by the industrial westernisation of the country, has had the

____ effect of westernising the national costume.

17.Aristotle went to Pella, the Macedonian capital, where he became the ____ of the king’s young son Alexander, later known as Alexander the Great.

18.In direct speech the president of the U.S. is _____ as Mr. President; in written communications he is _____ as Dear Mr. President. In diplomatic communications from other governments the president is styled Excellency.

19.At that time the General Assembly enlarged the organization’s mandate _____ the problems of children in the developing world.

20.The most important of these ___ was Confucius, a minor aristocrat and official of the state of Lu, in the present Shyandong Province.

21.The interior of Western Australia is relatively____ except for several mountain chains.

22.Economists consider interest (процент) as the payment offered to people to encourage them ____ and to make their

____ available to others.

23.In order to read, one must follow a sequence of characters (буква, иероглиф) arranged in a particular order. For example, English flows from left to right, Hebrew from right to left, and Chinese _____.

24.Capote’s work received critical praise for its _____ observation of human nature.

25.Like other members of the family, the domestic cat has _____ hearing and smell, remarkable night vision, and a compact, muscular body.

26.The Constitution leaves to the states the right to _____ “the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives”.

Ex. 65. Guess the meaning of the word background from the context. Translate into Russian.

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1.A major component of California’s population are the persons of Hispanic (mainly Mexican) background, constituting about one out of every four persons in the state.

2.“Gone With the Wind” is a film epic, set against the background of the American Civil War.

3.Batista gained control of the Cuban government. In 1944, however, his handpicked candidate was defeated, and for the next eight years Batista stayed in the background.

4.The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requires local law-enforcement officials to conduct a background check for criminal records.

5.The YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) has a long-standing background in youth work.

6.Listeners must know the background to appreciate the poetry and meaning of a song.

7.Keith Waterhouse’s working-class background and early job experience helped produce a novel “Billy Liar”, which became a successful play and film.

8.Klimt’s use of decorative fragments and gold backgrounds is derived from Byzantine mosaics.

9.Important background information concerning the period of the United Monarchy has been discovered during excavations at the old City.

10.Muzak is a type of recorded background music played in shops, restaurants, etc.

11.Some graduates elect to use their technical background indirectly by combining their specialist knowledge with a wide range of personal skills in the industrial and commercial management sector.

Ex. 66. Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1.He was expelled from the Senate ___ a charge ___ “high misdemeanour(проступок, преступление) entirely inconsistent with his public trust and duty”.

2.Ships illustrated ___ early Egyptian paintings were equipped ___ a double mast, joined ___ the top, ___which sails were hung.

3.After spending nine years in Florence and other parts of Italy, Alberti returned ___ Rome ___ 1452. He was secretary ___ six popes. ___ Pope Nicholas V, he was ___ charge ____ the projects for rebuilding Saint Peter’s Basilica and the Vatican.

4.The perfection ____ electronic computers greatly facilitated the solution ___ mathematical problems involved ____

lens design.

5.He was advanced ___ the post ___ Assistant Secretary of State ___ charge ___ relations with Latin America and did much to implement Roosevelt’s policy of friendship and mutual aid ___ the American nations.

6.___ the 1990s Gerry Adams, emerged as a central figure ___ the effort to find a non-violent solution _____ the Northern Ireland conflict.

7.This gaily coloured fish, resembling a butterfly, is broad ___ top ____ bottom, narrow ____ side ____ side.

8.The California mountain ranges are dry and range _____ mild summers and cold winters in the North ___ extremely hot summers in the South.

9.The head of the Foreign Examination Syndicate was very keen ____ security.

10.US Constitution provides that no person “shall be compelled _____ any criminal case to be witness _____ himself”.

11.To be _____ the safe side, let’s take more money than we think we’ll need.

12.He fixed a searching look _____ her trying to guess what she was so keen _____ doing.

13.Steiner school lays a strong emphasis _____ artistic creativity and intuitive thinking but also permits pupils to take state exams _____ traditional academic subjects.

14.A graduate is a person who is about to graduate _____ a university.

15.The family were ashamed when the youngest son was expelled _____ his school.

16.“Gratis” means “for nothing”, “free _____ charge”.

Ex. 67. Translate into Russian.

1.At Bedford school a wide range of non-examined courses is offered, from African culture and Astronomy to Beginners Japanese. Private study periods are essential for examination success: a boy must learn to take personal responsibility for his work and progress, under the guidance of his tutor.

2.The woman who was charged with teaching them French had a degree in modern languages.

3.The second master was balding on top, blue eyes keen in his dark, flat face, and Morse imagined the pupils would never take liberties with him.

4.The volunteers in Counselling Service are keen to help all students.

5.“Has Morse solved the murder yet?” “What murder?” Dickson grinned. “Don’t tell me they put old Morse on a missing person case, because I shan’t believe it.” The real trouble was that Morse always had to find a difficult solution to everything.

6.“The pipe has burst. Are you telling me you are going to fix that?” “I’ll get it fixed,” said Morse vaguely.

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7.“If they put our candles out it will be an awful fix,” Tom said. “In any case we should be prepared,” the girl answered.

8.Harold Wilkins in “Strange Mysteries of Time and Space” makes a good case for the possibility of the ship having been attacked by a pirate vessel.

9.Fixing Linsday with his eyes, the man with the ponytail demanded to be told where the hostess was.

10.A formidable line of the enemy came within dangerous range.

11.“What’s the point of returning?” he said. “There is no safety for any of us.”

12.“I’ll deliver you to your husband safe and sound.”

13.“Look here, Barrymore,” said Sir Henry, “we have made up our minds to have the truth out of you, so it will save you the trouble to tell it sooner rather than later.”

14.“If it is the job he wants to see me about, tell him he can save his breath.”

15.There is little point in saving against a rainy day if your savings are continuously eroded by inflation.

16.“You’ll get something from me. Small commission for the trouble. That’s business. Understand?”

17.The deputy Prime Minister published the unflattering results of a study he had commissioned comparing British workers with those in France, America, Singapore and Germany.

18.The first civil war of the English Revolution, now inevitable, began at Edgehill on October 23, 1642.

19.There appears to be little evidence to support the argument, often heard from the teachers’ union, that the main cause of educational failure is under-funding.

20.International educational comparisons like the TIMSS study (the Third International Maths and Science Study) have been subjects of growing academic enthusiasm and criticism since the 1960s; but most governments did not take part in these arguments, fearing embarrassment.

21.Six of the top 15 places in both maths and science went to East Europeans.

22.In most countries special forms of address are many and elaborate (сложный), but in the U.S. they are relatively few and simple.

23.He would not address me as “honoured sir” any more.

24.The generally strained character of US – China relations did not provide the optimum setting for productively addressing the Taiwan issue.

25.In a tutorial mode, computers require mastery of each step in ways that were not possible in the early machines.

26.As tuition rates are increasing at all institutions throughout the U.S., more and more students today are dependent on financial aid in the form of tuition loans and grants.

27.About the same time the English Parliament instituted a new system of charging toll (дорожная пошлина) for the use of the roads.

28.Scholarships are awarded on merit.

Ex. 68. Paraphrase the sentences using the words: address, charge, flatly, keen, oppose, range, solve, solution, top, tutorial.

1.Ethnic groups around the country are strongly against the introduction of tighter controls on immigration.

2.The problem of where we will raise the funds for the scheme has not yet been dealt with.

3.He was chosen to speak to the audience on some important organisational matters.

4.It will require time and effort to find a way out of this situation.

5.She asked her boss for a pay rise but he refused point-blank.

6.One-to-one classes are an effective but also costly way of teaching.

7.If you are eager to learn about English culture and heritage, you should take a course in British studies.

8.Mississippi is a state that is near the bottom of most national lists varying from economic growth to education.

9.James Earl Ray, who was accused of killing Martin Luther King, died in prison in 1998.

10.Peru needs more energetic measures to tackle widespread poverty.

11.Shougang is China’s third-largest steel maker and Beijing’s leading producer of industrial pollution. Many clean-air initiatives will come to naught unless Shougang is dealt with. Many people believe the best way out is to shut Shougang down and move it elsewhere.

12.The minister who is responsible for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office is called the Foreign Secretary.

13.The members of Life Space, a little-known Japanese cult, ask for exorbitant fees for promising to rid people of disease caused by bad Karma from their previous lives.

14.He was confronted with a growing number of issues, from economic to political.

15.At some British universities students have individual classes or supervisions.

Ex. 69. Read the following extracts and fill in the missing words (Active Vocabulary, unit 4; ex 5, unit 3). Then choose words to add to topical vocabulary.

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White House doesn’t Require an Ivy League Education, but ...

Elite educational credentials are not unique among presidential candidates. Many of them can boast blue-chip diplomas. Al Gore is a Harvard grad, as is George W. Bush, who earned an MBA there after his undergraduate education at Yale University. 1) ______ of Yale, Harvard and Princeton dominated America’s political life in the early years of the Republic. Is it the 2) ______ today?

The answer is a 3) ______ no: these three schools are actually far more dominant today.

Harry Truman, the last American president without a college degree, left the White House almost 50 years ago, and it is unthinkable today that the man 4) ______ of the country could have never attended college. Is it at all surprising that most men at the 5) ______ are Ivy League graduates? Some critics claim that it is the result of rampant (безудержный) elitism. Their opponents 6) ______ that an Ivy League degree is almost always evidence of brains and drive.

Once upon a time, even lazy and slow-witted sons of establishment families who could pay high 7) ______ fees went to Princeton or Harvard or Yale. Today, by contrast, the competition for a handful of places in the elite schools is ruthless, drawing 8) ______ young people of every social, racial and (thanks to abundant 9) ______ money) economic 10) ______ .

* * *

By the middle of the nineteenth century radical reforms were afoot in Oxford; and by its end a series of Palimentary Bills had introduced changes which were to transform the life of both Town and Gown1. The University 1) _____ were extended to include a wide 2) _____ of the emergent sciences and of modern history; the establishment of professional chairs increasingly attracted to Oxford 3) ______ of international renown; the secularisation (отделение школы от церкви) of the college fellowships began to undermine the traditionally religious framework of university discipline and administration. But, above all, university teaching no longer concentrated in the hands of the celibate clergymen, some of whom well remembered that they had a salary to receive, and only forgot they had a duty to perform. Newly appointed 4) ______ moved in. Their students came over to their bachelor rooms in the college individually or in small groups to discuss problems they were 5) ______ themselves to, and these were known as 6) ______.

Having been awarded their PhDs, they got themselves married and bought houses for themselves, their wives, their offsprings, and their servants. The large imposing houses immediately outside the spiritual centre of Oxford seemed the right 7) _______ . Many Fellows preferred to live in the Woodstock and the Barnaby Roads. Today few of the houses are occupied by single families. Some of them have been taken by English Language schools for foreign students.

Ex. 70. Translate into English.

1.Чтобы отпраздновать наступление третьего тысячелетия, городские власти Чикаго заказали новый танец,

Милли (the Milly).

2.В начале войны Гэтсби получил звание первого лейтенанта и отправился в Европу.

3.Вы получите от меня небольшое вознаграждение за Ваши хлопоты.

4.Почти все образование в Исландии государственное (use “provide”) и бесплатное.

5.Каждый выпускник должен брать на себя заботу о своем будущем.

6.Для студентов Ридинг-колледжа существует целых 50 стипендий, которые предоставляются спонсорамипромышленниками.

7.Конфуций, известный своей ученостью, был, тем не менее, мелким (minor) чиновником.

8.Прекрасный ученый и умный политик, он стал хорошим учителем для юного короля.

9.Многие курсы, которые преподают в Йоркском университете, включают не только лекции и семинары, но и индивидуальные консультации.

10.Если Вы хотите подать апелляцию (to make an Academic Appeal), именно куратор подготовит и представит Ваше дело.

11.Сегодня многие студенты в Великобритании вынуждены работать в течение семестра, чтобы оплатить свое

обучение.

12.Выпускники ведущих российских университетов востребованы (пользуются спросом) в самых разнообразных областях. Целых 90% получают работу сразу после окончания.

13.Помимо всего прочего (ко всему), он был лучшим вратарем студенческой команды.

14.Ник закричал во весь голос, но его крик утонул в шуме дождя.

15.Именно на вечер второго дня после нашего приезда была назначена самая важная встреча.

16.Он принял неприятную новость спокойно, не отказываясь от своей навязчивой идеи.

1 the people of Oxford and the students and professors

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17.Мы попали в очень неприятное положение. В случае, если она захочет выдвинуть против нас обвинение,

нам не на что рассчитывать.

18.Инспектор не отрываясь смотрел на фотографию молодой девушки.

19.Похоже, у Министерства образования есть убедительные доводы против спасения мелких провинциальных вузов.

20.Родители младшеклассников, которые стремятся освежить свои знания, могут воспользоваться интернетом.

21.Студенты, которые прогуливают занятия, неизбежно сталкиваются с серьезными трудностями в конце семестра.

22.Зло воспринимается американцами как одна из проблем, которую нужно решить.

23.Ближневосточные войны последних десятилетий не привели к решению принципиальных проблем.

24.Председатель обратился к аудитории со словами благодарности.

25.За решение многих насущных проблем человечество еще не принималось (use “to address”).

26.Сначала технически ориентированные компании использовали интернет для поиска сотрудников с образованием и / или опытом работы в области высоких технологий.

27.Категорический отказ допустить инспекторов ООН привел к введению экономических санкций.

28.В споре по поводу санкций упускается важный момент: кто будет заниматься (решать) продовольственной проблемой (food supplies)?

29.Сторонники жесткой линии (hard-liners) доказывали, что мирного решения этой проблемы не существует.

30.Целых 3500 студентов живут на территории университета, что избавляет их от необходимости тратить время и деньги на дорогу.

31.В среднем, ежемесячные пенсионные (retirement) накопления колеблются от 387 долларов в США до 93 в Испании.

Ex. 71. Give a free translation into English.

Бесплатно, но за деньги

СЕЙЧАС Министерство образования проводит эксперимент, чтобы хорошие оценки стоили хороших денег. Вводятся государственные именные финансовые обязательства. Если на едином экзамене выпускник набирает более 80 баллов из 100, государство дает ему ваучер на 14 500 рублей – столько стоит бесплатное место в вузе ежегодно. С этим ваучером ребенок едет в выбранный институт, и следом «едут» его деньги: государство отдаст их вузу, куда этот абитуриент поступит.

Тем, кто набрал от 68 до 80 баллов, государство оплатит учебу наполовину. Получившим от 52 до 68 баллов

– на треть. От 43 до 52 – пятую часть. И те, кто набрал от 35 до 43 баллов, получат всего 1 200 рублей в год. Новая система вступит в силу только в 2004 году. Пока проводится эксперимент в Якутском госуниверситете,

в трех институтах Республики Марий Эл и в двух вузах Чувашии.

Еще одно предложение Министерства образования – государственные возвратные субсидии. Тот, кто не смог поступить на бесплатное отделение, будет получать из бюджета кредит на обучение. Когда студент получает диплом, он либо возвращает деньги, либо едет работать туда, куда велит Родина. Предполагается, что такие государственные кредиты смогут получить только те, кто согласится учиться дефицитным профессиям: некоторым оборонным специальностям, на учителя или врача (с условием, что поедет работать в село).

/Аргументы и факты, декабрь 2002/

SPEAKING 5

Who is the Modern Student?

☻ Read the extract from the article “The student of 2000: more work, less pay” published in the Daily Telegraph and give your opinion on the issue (use discussion questions given below the text).

Who is the modern student? The athlete with his college scarf? The bluestocking, cycling to her lecture? The activist hurling abuse at a politician?

These days the students you are most likely to meet are the checkout girl at Sainsbury’s1 or the waiter in your favourite bistro.

The modern student works: “full-time student” no longer means someone who spends time in libraries or lectures, with an occasional vacation job. At many universities, most students have jobs during term-time. At London Guildhall1, more than 80 per cent of our students work during term for between five and 25 hours a week.

1 a British supermarket

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Why do they do it? For some, it is certainly to fund a car or to finance evenings in the pub. For many, however, whose families are too poor to help, it is to keep body and soul together. Some have a natural aversion to building up a large debt to the Student Loans Company. Many mature students feel guilty about their wives, husbands or children supporting them during a college course, and work to reduce the burden.

Juggling study with work is hard. It requires skills of time management that would be envied by many management consultants. As one student,

Aidan, put it to me: “I need lectures to start at 10am, not because of a party the night before but because then I can use a cheap railcard. I must be away by 4pm to pick up my daughter, leave her with her gran, and get to my evening job.

When do I write my essays? Well, there’s the weekend and early mornings.”

Many students still live in college rooms or halls of residence. But others stay at or close to home, where jobs are easier to come by. Often, they commute to classes and live in cramped accommodation, a shared room where there is nowhere to study. There is not enough money for books, let alone a computer. It is no surprise that they sometimes wonder if they can cope or will be forced to drop out.

Discussion questions:

1.What are the problems that students face in Russia?

2.Are the problems of young and mature students similar?

3.Do full-time students work in Russia?

4.Is it possible to combine day study with work?

5.What are the major differences between students in Russia and in Britain?

Use suitable phrases from the box below (see also Speaking 2).

READING 6

The following texts come from a prospectus published by the leading university of Ireland. (Extracts from similar prospectuses of the University of Oxford, the University of York (England) and George Washington University, the Elliot school of International Affairs (USA) are given in the Reader, Education.)

Pre-reading questions:

1.What information do you expect to find in such a prospectus?

2.Which of these words describe your present status (look up those you do not know in the Glossary):

3.Imagine you are to decide which university to go to and choose a faculty (department) and a course. What information do you need to make a decision?

4.Look through the texts below. Which texts or parts of them do you think are worth intensive reading? Why?

Now read thoroughly the text(s) you’ve chosen and answer comprehension questions.

Trinity College

University of Dublin

Text A.

Trinity College, the single constituent2 college of the University of Dublin, was founded by Queen Elizabeth I in 1592, and thus celebrated its Quartercentenary in 1992. It is the oldest university in Ireland and one of the older universities of Western Europe.

1a hall, belonging to the corporation of the city of London which is used for official occasions, esp. large formal meals

2составляющий часть целого

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Based on the general pattern of the ancient colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, Trinity is large, with a campus extending over 40 acres in a unique site in the heart of the city. One of Ireland’s major tourist attractions, College is also an intimate part of the city. In more important senses too, Trinity is central to Irish life. Many of the famous people of Irish letter and history were educated at Trinity – writers such as Swift, Goldsmith, Wilde and Beckett, and Ireland’s first President Douglas Hyde as well as the present President of Ireland Robinson.

The vigour of a university may be judged by its commitment to research. In the late twentieth century, this often takes the form of partnership with major international companies or of inter-institutional co-operation within the framework of programmes of the European community. In both Trinity is in a leading position in Ireland. In other fields, the Library is the heart of research activity, and here Trinity is particularly fortunate. With a bookstock now approaching three million volumes, the College Library is one of the largest in Europe. Along with the British Library in London and the university libraries at Oxford and Cambridge, it enjoys the privilege of receiving all Irish and U.K. copyright material.

Trinity prides itself also on its tradition of personal contact between staff and students encouraged by its collegiate1 atmosphere. Its thirteen and a half thousand staff and students form a compact academic community, with several hundred students and a number of staff living on campus. College provides a complete day-time environment, with a range of facilities – dining hall, cafeterias and bars – and a varied social life sustained by a host of student societies and sports clubs.

Text B.

Faculties of Arts

History and Political Science

Political science and history have a close affinity and the combination of the two provides an unusually coherent framework for the development of inter-disciplinary interest. In the first three years students take both subjects, while in the fourth year they may choose to concentrate exclusively on either subject, or continue with both. The courses in history are designed to allow the preferences of individual students to shape the general character of their studies, and permit them to specialize in a number of different ways. In each of the first two years, students take courses dealing with various periods of Irish, British and American history. In the final two years, students choose subjects from two lists of about twenty options which are studied in detail with particular attention to original sources. In political science, the work of the first two years is designed to provide a systematic foundation for the courses offered in later years, when students may choose to concentrate on particular aspects of the subject, including Irish, American, Russian and East European, or West European politics, contemporary political theories, public policy studies or theoretical analysis of conflict and cooperation.

Philosophy and Political Science

Joint degrees in philosophy and political science are both popular and common in many universities; the many direct and indirect inter-disciplinary links make the combination attractive and logical, the study of each subject adding depth to the study of the other. In the first three years students take both subjects, while in the fourth year they may choose to concentrate exclusively on either subject, or continue with both.

The courses in philosophy are designed to provide students with the necessary techniques of philosophical and logical analysis, an introduction to the history and main themes of philosophy, allowing students, particularly in the final two years, to choose from a wide range of courses in those areas in which the student wishes to specialize. In the first two years students will take courses in general philosophy, moral and political theory, logic and ancient and modern philosophy. In the final two years great emphasis is placed on independent work by students in the areas in which they choose to specialize. (Political Science; see the section above)

European Studies

European Studies is a multi-disciplinary programme which studies the European past as an indispensable2 foundation for understanding the present, and examines contemporary Europe in all its complexity on a continent-wide basis. Students learn two out of five European languages (French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish). They also study the European present and past through three disciplines – history, the history of ideas, and social sciences (principally politics and sociology). Study of the two languages is equally intensive in the first two years, after which one of these languages becomes the major language while the other becomes the minor language. After a common first year, students can choose to emphasize the disciplines which interest them most. The history of ideas, however, remains the compulsory core of the programme, the aim being to ensure a familiarity on the part of students with the evolution of European thought since the Renaissance.

1университетский

2неотъемлемый, обязательный

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Text C.

Career Opportunities for the Arts Graduate

An Arts course is seldom a vocational training in itself. It is rather an educational experience which allows those who have completed it to cope more successfully with a variety of careers. It can thus be the first stepping stone1 to almost any job for which you have an interest and an aptitude coupled with a willingness to learn further. It is true that the holder of an Arts degree rarely has an immediate passport to a particular job. You must be prepared to adapt the skills acquired in your undergraduate studies to the requirements of a particular career. This often means further study. Around half of all Arts graduates in recent years have gone on to some variety of further training whether in College or in some other institution in the world outside. Most of the remainder do gain employment though this will involve further training on the job.

The traditional openings for Arts graduates have been in the public service, education, librarianship, and the media. But the variety of jobs has expanded greatly, and one now finds Arts graduates in everything from accountancy to voluntary organisations. A high proportion of vacancies for new graduates are open to those of any discipline, with general academic achievement and personal qualities being the only requirements. This calls for a flexible approach. It is important to remember that both people and jobs change, so that while your first choice is an important one, it is not binding for life. You should concentrate on long term career development and building up a history of experience and achievement. The Arts graduate may have problems to face in selecting the right avenue, but there is no shortage of avenues. He or she is a highly trained and flexible asset which the community needs.

Comprehension questions:

1.What is the duration of the course you’ve read about?

2.Is it a single subject degree?

3.What are the core subjects in the course?

4.Is the study of a foreign language compulsory or optional?

5.When are you supposed to choose a specialisation (a major)?

6.What career opportunities are offered to graduates?

7.Where do students live while studying at the university of your choice?

8.What facilities are there at their disposal?

Language Work

that or those as SUBSTITUTE WORDS

In written speech to avoid the repetition of the same noun you can use that / those followed by a prepositional phrase or participle adjective.

e.g. The office temperature is lower than that (= the temperature) required by law. (that + participle adjective) The feathers of owls are softer than those (= the feathers) of other birds. (those + prepositional phrase)

Ex. 72. Use that or those in the following sentences in place of the underlined nouns.

1.He hung his daughter’s portrait beside the portrait of his late wife.

2.Lord James Douglas-Hamilton’s aristocratic tones can most readily be compared with the tones of Sir Winston Churchill.

3.Many believe that her [Queen Elizabeth’s] involvement with the life of the theatre was more than the involvement of passive patronage.

4.The intellectual life of the 19th century was more complex than the life of any previous age.

5.I entered by the door opposite to the door opening into the garden.

6.Sybil Colefax, a famous hostess, gave a luncheon and a dinner party every day of the week. During the Second World War, people used to claim that “the only sound you could hear in the blackout was the sound of Sybil Colefax climbing the social ladder”.

7.I saw his long, lean face horrible like the face of the donkey he always rode.

8.These poems are not as good as the poems written by you last year.

9.The position of a grandparent is easier than the position of a parent.

10.The population of China is much greater than the population of Japan.

11.The jobs employing women, such as service and light industries, survived the recession better than the jobs employing men.

1 средство для достижения цели, улучшения положения

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