- •Ноу «липецкий эколого-гуманитарный иститут»
- •Contents preface ……………………………………………………………………..….5 part one…………………………………………………………………….…..6
- •Preface
- •Part one
- •Analytical reading and its concern
- •The Subject Matter of Analytical Reading
- •1.2. Literary Work
- •2. Language as the medium of literature
- •2.1. Meanings of Linguistic Units Connotation in the Word’s Dictionary Meaning
- •2.2. Denotation and Connotation in Imaginative Literature
- •3. Literary text as poetic structure
- •3.1. Verbal and Supraverbal Layers of the Literary Text
- •3.2. Principles of Poetic Structure Cohesion
- •4. Components of poetic structure: Macro-Components of Poetic Structure
- •4.1. Literary Image
- •4.2. Theme and Idea
- •4.3. Plot
- •Composition
- •4.5. Genre
- •4.6. Tonal System
- •5. Components of poetic structure: Micro-Components of Poetic Structure
- •5.1. Tropes
- •5.1.1. Tropes Based on the Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meanings
- •5.1.2. Tropes based on the Intensification of a Certain Feature of a Thing or Phenomenon
- •5.1.3. Tropes Based on Peculiar Use of Set Expressions
- •5.2. Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •5.3. Figures of speech
- •Part two
- •Selecting a Topic Sentence
- •Checking the Topic
- •Checking Your Progress
- •Mini-test
- •Unit 2. Practice with ideas Locating Key Elements for the Idea
- •Selecting the Correct Idea
- •Checking the Idea
- •Formulating Ideas
- •Checking Your Progress:
- •Revision
- •Unit 3. Practice with principles of poetic structure cohesion
- •Grown up pink
- •Shiseido
- •Checking Your Progress
- •Tropes based on the Intensification of a Certain Feature of a Thing or Phenomenon
- •Tropes based on Peculiar Use of Set Expressions
- •Hear the loud alarum bells –
- •What a tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells!
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Figures of Speech
- •Revision
- •Helping Phrases
- •Unit 5. Understanding poetry
- •To say that for destruction ice
- •A rip tide is raging
- •Checking Your Progress
- •Tips on literary work analysis
- •Practice with extracts From The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon by Stephen King
- •From The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon by Stephen King
- •From The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon by Stephen King
- •From Come Together by Josie Lloyd & Emlyn Rees
- •From Come Together by Josie Lloyd & Emlyn Rees
- •From Vertical Run by Joseph r. Garber
- •From Vertical Run by Joseph r. Garber
- •From Vertical Run by Joseph r. Garber
- •From The Web by Jonathan Kellerman
- •From The Class by Eric Segal
- •From The Blue Note by Charlotte Bingham
- •From Blackout by Campbell Armstrong
- •From Blackout by Campbell Armstrong
- •From Blackout by Campbell Armstrong
- •From Blackout by Campbell Armstrong
- •From Blackout by Campbell Armstrong
- •From Blackout by Campbell Armstrong
- •From Simply Divine by Wendy Holden
- •From Dance While You Can by Susan Lewis
- •From Dance While You Can by Susan Lewis
- •From Rage of Angels by Sidney Sheldon
- •From Whispers by Dean Koontz
- •From Whispers by Dean Koontz
- •From Man and Boy by Tony Parson
- •From Man and Boy by Tony Parson
- •From Cold Fire by Dean Koontz
- •Checking your progress
- •Scheme of Extract Analysis
- •From Whispers by Dean Koontz
- •From Needful Things by Stephen King
- •From Rising Sun by Jeffrey Archer
- •From Sinners by Jackie Collins
- •From Sinners by Jackie Collins
- •From False Memory by Dean Koontz
- •Revision
- •From Come Together by Josie Lloyd & Emlyn Rees
- •From Man and Boy by Tony Parson
- •From Man and Boy by Tony Parson
- •From Sinners by Jackie Collins
- •Bibliography
4.5. Genre
Genreis a historically formed type of a literary work. The following genres may be mentioned [5, p. 47]:
Epic(with the narrative prose) – its main variety, events, are objectively narrated
Lyric(with poetry) – reality is reflected in the author’s inner world
Dramatic(tragedy, comedy, drama) – present day conflicting events are represented through the characters’ speech and actions.
4.6. Tonal System
There is no art without emotion. Fiction appeals to the reader through the senses and evokes responsive emotions. In every literary work the writer’s feelings and emotion are reflected in tone, attitude and atmosphere [3, p. 64].
Atmosphere is the general mood of a literary work. It is affected by the plot, setting, characters, details, symbol, and language means.
The author’s attitude is his view of the character’s and actions, which reflects his judgement f them. It establishes the moral standards according to which the reader is to make his own judgements about the problem raised in the story.
The attitude of a writer determines the tone of the story, i.e. the light in which the characters and events are depicted. Therefore, the tone is closely related to the atmosphere and attitude. The tone may be expressed through:
emotionally coloured words;
an extensive use of imagery created by tropes;
poetic words and structures;
intensifiers (so, such, very, still, etc.)
figures of speech
Tone-shifts, which often occur in fiction, may accompany not only a change in the subject, but also a change in the narrative method or in the style. The interaction of rhythm, style and tone establishes and maintains the mood, or the atmosphere of the literary work.
One should also distinguish between the prevailing tone of a literary work as a whole and emotional overtones, which may accompany particular scenes in the story. They all form a tonal system that reflects the changes of the narrator’s attitude to his subject matter [3, p. 68]. The analysis of tone, attitude and atmosphere is a moving towards the underlying thoughts and ideas contained in the work.
5. Components of poetic structure: Micro-Components of Poetic Structure
When words and word-groups of the general language occur in a literary text they are treated as elements of poetic speech, its micro-component. According to V.B. Sosnovskaya, those word-sequences that constitute a literary text, which seem to be specifically patterned – semantically, syntactically, phonetically – are called tropes (lexical stylistic devices) and figures of speech(syntactic stylistic devices) [5, p. 50].
5.1. Tropes
All tropes are based on simultaneous realization of two meanings. Thus I.R. Galperin classifies tropes according to [4]:
Interaction of different types of lexical meaning
Interaction of two logical meanings (i.e. primary dictionary and contextually imposed meanings)
Metaphor
Metonymy
Irony
Interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings
Polysemantic effect
Zeugma
Pun
Interaction of logical and emotive meanings
The Epithet
Oxymoron
Interaction of logical and nominal meanings
Antonomasia
Intensification of a certain feature or a thing or phenomenon
Simile
Periphrasis
Euphemism
Hyperbole
Understatement
Peculiar use of set expressions
The Cliché
Proverbs and Sayings
Epigrams
Quotations
Allusions
Decomposition of Set Phrases.