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4. ɉȿɊȿɋɌɊȺɏɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɂ ɋɈɋɌɊȺɏɈȼȺɇɂȿ 4.1. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ

Ɋɨɞɢɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɜ 1846 ɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢɄɟɥɶɧɫɤɨɟɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɱɧɨɟɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚɧɨ ɜ XIX ɜ. ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ 1895 ɝ. ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɝɧɟɜɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ.

ȼ Ɂɚɤɨɧɟ ɊɎ «Ɉɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟ-

ɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ» ʋ 4015-1 ɨɬ 27.11.1992 (ɪɟɞ. ɨɬ 04.06.2014) ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɫɨɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:

•ɫɨɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ;

•ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ɋɨɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ.

ɇɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɫɨɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɥɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ. ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɩɭɥ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ, ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ, ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɩɭɥɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ 1960-ɟ ɝɝ. ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɥɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɯɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ, ɪɢɫɤɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɪɢɫɤɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɭɥɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɤ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ.

ɉɨɞ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ, ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚ-

51

ɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ (ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ) ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ (ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ). Ɏɨɪɦɵɢɦɟɬɨɞɵɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵɧɚɪɢɫ. 4.1.

ɉȿɊȿɋɌɊȺɏɈȼȺɇɂȿ

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ȼ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɹɬ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ (ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ). ɋɚɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɤɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ-ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɤɜɨɬɭ, ɞɨɥɸ) ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɟɸ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɱɚɫɬɶ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɦɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɜɨɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɭ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɜɨɬɟ (ɞɨɥɟ). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɜɨɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɢ ɨɧ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ.

ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɭɛɵɬɤɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɫɤɭ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ ɧɟɬ. ȼ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɜɡɧɨɫɵ ɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ (ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ). ɇɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ (ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ) ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ.

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ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɚɯ ɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ (ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ, ɢɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɟɫɬɢɭɛɵɬɤɢ).

Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɷɤɫɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɭɛɵɬɤɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɭɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɹɬ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ (ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ).

ɉɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɷɤɫɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɭɛɵɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɭ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɭɛɵɬɤɚ (ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ). Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ, ɧɨɧɟɦɨɠɟɬɛɵɬɶɜɵɲɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨɥɢɦɢɬɚ.

Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɷɤɫɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɭɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɝɪɚɞɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɭɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɢɬɨɝɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ (ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ, %:

ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ R ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

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R – ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ;

k – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ;

P – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ

ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ;

q – ɭɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɛɵɬɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɟ; Ʉɨɛ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.

ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɥɢɦɢɬɨɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɛɵ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɤɟɪɚ.

ɉɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɤɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɹɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɭ ɞɨɥɸ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɢɫɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɹɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɞɨɥɸ. ɉɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɪɢɫɤɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɛɵɬɤɨɜ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɢɫɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ.

ɉɪɢ ɷɤɫɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɰɟɞɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, – ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ. Ʌɢɦɢɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɚɦ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ

56

ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɷɤɫɰɟɞɟɧɬɨɦ, ɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɢɬɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ, ɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɧɨɫɢɬɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɥɢɧɢɹ».

ȼ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɬɚɛɥ. 4.1).

4.2. Ɍɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4.2.1

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 4 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. ɡɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ: ɩɟɪɜɵɦ – ɧɚ 1,2 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.; ɜɬɨɪɵɦ – ɧɚ 1 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.; ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦ – ɧɚ 1,8 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ (ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 2,1 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ.

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Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:

ɉɟɪɜɵɦ 2,1ǜ1,2/4 = 0,63 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

ȼɬɨɪɵɦ 2,1ǜ1/4 = 0,53 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. Ɍɪɟɬɶɢɦ 2,1ǜ1,8/4 = 0,95 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 0,63 ɦɥɧ; 0,53 ɦɥɧ; 0,95 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4.2.2

ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɨɝɧɹ. Ɂɚ ɝɨɞ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ 520 ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ. ɍɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 0,03, ɚ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɢ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 800 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ R ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 99,49 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4.2.3

ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 100 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ., ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ – 1 %, ɛɪɭɬɬɨ-ɩɪɟɦɢɹ 1 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ – ɫ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ – 500 ɬɵɫ. ɪɭɛ. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɊɉɆ) – 3 %, ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ – 8 %. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɛɪɭɬɬɨ-ɩɪɟɦɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ, ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɸɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ, ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɨɧɧɭɸɩɪɟɦɢɸɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

1.Ɋɢɫɤ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ

(100 000 000 – 500 000)ǜ0,01 = 995 000 ɪɭɛ.

2.Ɋɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ

1000 000ǜ0,03 = 30 000 ɪɭɛ.

3.Ȼɪɭɬɬɨ-ɩɪɟɦɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ

995000 – 30 000 = 965 000 ɪɭɛ.

4.Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɭ 965 000ǜ0,08 = 77 200 ɪɭɛ.

5.ɉɪɟɦɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɭ 965 000 – 77 200 = 887 800 ɪɭɛ.

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 995 000 ɪɭɛ.; 965 000 ɪɭɛ.; 77 200 ɪɭɛ.; 887 800 ɪɭɛ.

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Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4.2.4

ɉɨɪɬɮɟɥɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 220, 500 ɢ 1100 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ (ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ) ɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 345 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. Ʉɜɨɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 31 % ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɢɪɢɫɤɚ.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

1.ɉɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ:

220ǜ0,31 = 68,2 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

500ǜ0,31 = 155 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

1100ǜ0,31 = 341 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

2.ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:

220 – 68,2 = 151,8 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

500 – 155 = 345 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

1100 – 341 = 759 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɪɢɫɤ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 220 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ. ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɹ ɥɢɦɢɬɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ (345 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.). ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɠɟ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɥɢɦɢɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɤɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɟ 31 % ɩɨɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɞɨ 345 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ., ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɚ.

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɫɭɦɦɵ: 68,2; 155; 341 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.; 2) ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɰɟɞɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ: 151,8; 345; 759 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4.2.5

ɉɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɹɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ 45 % ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 55 % ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʌɢɦɢɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɜ 145 000 ɪɭɛ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɪɢɫɤ: 1) 150 000 ɪɭɛ.; 2) 325 000 ɪɭɛ.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

1. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ 150 000ǜ0,45 = 67 500 ɪɭɛ. Ɋɢɫɤ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 150 000ǜ0,55 = 82 500 ɪɭɛ.

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2. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ 325 000ǜ0,45 = 146 250 ɪɭɛ.

Ɋɢɫɤ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 325 000ǜ0,55 = 178 750 ɪɭɛ., ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɥɢɦɢɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 145 000 ɪɭɛ., ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, 178 750 – 145 000 = 33 750 ɪɭɛ. ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ.

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) 67 500 ɪɭɛ.; 82 500 ɪɭɛ.; 2) 146 250 ɪɭɛ.; 178 750 ɪɭɛ., ɚ 33 750 ɪɭɛ. ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɦ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4.2.6

ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ 250 000 ɪɭɛ. ɋɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨ ɫɟɦɢɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ (7 ɥɢɧɢɣ). Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

ɋɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɞɨ 250 000 + 7ǜ250 000 = = 2 000 000 ɪɭɛ.

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2 000 000 ɪɭɛ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4.2.7

ɉɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɹɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ 35 % ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 65 % ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʌɢɦɢɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɜ 210 000 ɪɭɛ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɢɫɤ ɜ 150 000 ɪɭɛ. ɢ 400 000 ɪɭɛ.

Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ

ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ 150 000ǜ0,35 = 52 500 ɪɭɛ. ɉɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 97 500 ɪɭɛ.

ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ 400 000ǜ0,35 = 140 000 ɪɭɛ. ɉɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 400 000 – 140 000 = 260 000 ɪɭɛ., ɧɨ ɥɢɦɢɬ

ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 210 000 ɪɭɛ., ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ 210 000 ɪɭɛ., ɚ 50 000 ɪɭɛ. ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ (ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ).

Ɉɬɜɟɬ: 1) 52 500 ɪɭɛ.; 97 500 ɪɭɛ.; 2) 140 000 ɪɭɛ.; 210 000 ɪɭɛ.

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