- •Міністерство освіти і науки України
- •Contents
- •From the history of electronics
- •Exercise 2
- •The Electron Tube Legacy
- •From Tubes to Transistors
- •The Decade of Integration
- •New Light on Electron Devices
- •Focus on Manufacturing
- •Exercise 4
- •Toward a Global Society
- •Into the Third Millennium
- •From the history of electron devices lesson 8
- •Translate the following words paying attention to affixes.
- •Microwave Tubes
- •The Invention of the Transistor
- •Bipolar Junction Transistors
- •Photovoltaic Cells and Diffused-Base Transistors
- •Integrated Circuits
- •Early Semiconductor Lasers and Light-Emitting Diodes
- •Charge-Coupled Devices
- •Compound Semiconductor Heterostructures
- •Microchip Manufacturing
- •Alessandro volta
- •Volta's pile
- •Thomas alva edison
- •Early Life
- •Family Life
- •Early inventions
- •Menlo park laboratory
- •The Telephone
- •The Phonograph
- •The Incandescent Lamp
- •Electric Power Distribution Systems
- •The Edison Effect
- •Glenmont
- •Motion Pictures
- •Edison's Studio
- •The Electric Battery
- •Attitude Toward Work
- •Ambrose fleming
- •Very happy thought
- •Nonagenarian
- •Consultant
- •Leon charles thevenin
- •Teaching
- •A Good Launch
- •A Crucial Theorem
- •Lee de forest: last of the great inventors
- •In Business
- •Towards the Triode
- •Patent Battles
- •Success
- •Edwin henry colpitts
- •Oscillator
- •Ralph hartley
- •Harry nyquist
- •American physicist, electrical and communications engineer, a prolific inventor who made fundamental theoretical and practical contributions to telecommunications. The Sweden years
- •Education and Career in the u.S.A.
- •Nyquist and fax
- •Nyquist's Signal Sampling Theory
- •Nyquist Theorem
- •Nyquist and Information Theory
- •Russell and sigurd varian
- •Childhood
- •Russell
- •The klystron
- •Celebration
- •Walter brattain
- •"The only regret I have about the transistor is its use for rock and roll”.
- •A Home on the Ranch
- •Physics Was the Only Thing He Was Good at
- •An Off the Cuff Explanation
- •After World War II
- •The First Transistor
- •Rifts in the Lab
- •The Nobel Prize
- •Back to Washington
- •Education
- •Inventor of the Transistor
- •Contributions and Honors
- •Inventor of the first successful computer
- •The Mother of Invention
- •Launching the v1
- •An Electronic Computer
- •The Survivor
- •After the War
- •Rudolph kompfner
- •Architect
- •Internment
- •Travelling-wave Tube
- •Satellites
- •Alan mathison turing
- •The solitary genius who wanted to build a brain.
- •Childhood
- •Computable Numbers
- •Bletchley Park
- •Jack kilby
- •The Begining
- •The Chip that Changed the World
- •Toward the Future
- •Robert noyce
- •A noted visionary and natural leader, Robert Noyce helped to create a new industry when he developed the technology that would eventually become the microchip. Starting up
- •At Bell Labs
- •Founding Fairchild Semiconductor
- •Ic Development
- •Herbert kroemer
- •Too Many Lists
- •Postal Service
- •Theory into Practice
- •Back in the Heterostructure Game
- •Halls of Academia
- •Tuesday Morning, 3 a.M.
- •Heterostructures explained
- •Abbreviations
- •British and american spelling differences
- •Numerical prefixes
- •Prefixes for si units
- •Навчальне видання
- •21021, М.Вінниця, Хмельницьке шосе, 95, внту
- •21021, М.Вінниця, Хмельницьке шосе, 95, внту
Tuesday Morning, 3 a.M.
Of all the honors Kroemer has received over the years, the strangest was the naming of an asteroid after him. (Asteroid Kroemer orbits between Mars and Jupiter.) One honor that he thought beyond the grasp of a physicist who dealt in such a down-to-earth area13 as semiconductors (compared to those who deal with invisible particles) was the Nobel Prize.
"Oh, my name had been mentioned over the years," Kroemer told. But the Nobel Prize is almost invariably awarded for fundamental discoveries, not for applied research, and so I never believed the rumors."
The rumors grew stronger in 1996, when Kroemer was invited to give a talk at a Nobel symposium. "I still didn't catch on," he said. "I looked around at the attendees and saw Horst Stormer, and thought he was the most likely candidate of the group. When he received the prize in 1998, I was enthusiastic and didn't envy him at all - after all, my work was applied." (Stormer and two colleagues received the Nobel Prize for discovering that electrons acting together in strong magnetic fields can form new types of particles with charges that are fractions of the electronic charge.)
Although Kroemer never believed the Nobel would come to him, he did continue to pay attention to it. On 9 October 2000, the Nobel Prize in Physics was to be announced the next day. He went to bed that evening thinking, "Wouldn't it be funny if I would get a 3 a.m. phone call? But then I said to myself, Stop being silly, go to sleep!" (Noon in Stockholm, when Nobel announcements are typically made, is 3 a.m. in California.)
But when the phone did ring shortly before 3 a.m., his first response was panic - were his children all right? Had something happened to his grandson? His wife answered, and passed him the phone, saying "It's Stockholm."
"If my life depended on it, I could not reconstruct the next two or three sentences," Kroemer says. Then the caller put a friend of Kroemer's on the phone, to reassure him that it was not a joke, warning him that he had about 15 minutes before the public announcement was made and the media circus started.
"At that point all hell did break loose and the phone was ringing off the hook 14, starting with German news agencies, since I'm German and it was already midday there. I literally couldn’t put the phone down."
The Nobel Prize in Physics that year was shared by three people - Jack S. Kilby for his part in developing the IC, and Kroemer and Zhores I. Alferov, for "developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and opto-electronics." Alferov, working in Russia, had made similar discoveries in parallel with, but separately from, Kroemer; the two first met in 1972 and have since become friends, even though they are, in a sense, competitors.
Kroemer's Nobel citation emphasizes the general principle of the heterostructure, not the individual devices. And that suits him just fine, because he has routinely deferred 15 the question of applications. "Certainly, when I thought of the heterostructure laser, I did not intend to invent compact disc players," he says. "I could not have anticipated the tremendous impact of fiber-optic communications. I really didn't give a damn about what the uses were."
"That's not what I do. The person who comes up with applications thinks differently than the scientist who lays the foundation."
And Kroemer laid one fine foundation.