Angliyskiy

•All you have to do is to adhere to conventional standards of morality in your professional field.

•Your only ethical obligation is to act within the law.

•Telling only half the truth in advertisements, or exaggerating a great deal, or keeping quiet about the bad aspects of a product conform to the basic rules of business – to increase profits, therefore all these things are justifiable.

3. Do you agree that all the spheres of life (presented in the chart below) are related to ethics? Give examples of issues that can illustrate this connection (the first one is done for you).

XLI. Dilemma and Decision.

Work in groups of 3-5 students (“think-tanks”). Look at one of the situations below and decide how to deal with the dilemma: brainstorm ideas and choose the best one for the situation. Remember that you are accountable both to the general public and to your shareholders.

When you are ready, report the final decision to other groups of the class. Be ready to answer any questions and reason your views. The rest of the class should vote on whether they think your decision to be the right one.

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Situation I

The Chemical Company

You work for the chemical company in one of the regions of your country. Chemists working in your research lab have recently discovered small traces of chemicals in samples routinely taken from the river near the plant.

You are aware of the fact that these substances can have harmful effect on the life in the river. In case the chemicals are accumulated in the fish, it can cause people serious illnesses through consumption of contaminated fish from the river. At the same time you know that the amount of the chemicals in the river is so minute that at present it presents no health hazard for people swimming and bathing in it.

You do not know how exactly the chemicals got into the water: through bad purification systems or as a result of accidental release. If the story gets out, it can ruin you. You could go to public, investigate the case and limit the damage to your business or you could keep the whole thing quiet and continue to produce and sell the goods trying to find out the reason for the contamination.

Situation 2

The Chain of Restaurants

You work for the chain of restaurants in your city. You have been buying vegetables (carrots, onions, cabbage, tomatoes) from the local farmers for quite a number of years. But recently the quality of the vegetables has become a little worse and the farmers have several times failed to deliver the products in time. They say it is because of bad weather conditions (a number of storms which are usually not typical for the region) that influenced the quality and amount of produce. They also say that they need some time to cope with the difficulties.

You can continue working with them despite the current problem, but in this case you can lose money (due to the necessity to change the menu to adapt to the new scheme of vegetables supply and worse quality). You can stop buying vegetables from the local farmers and sign a contract with foreign food producers, whose quality and price meet you requirements, but in this case the local economy and agriculture will not benefit and it will be difficult for the farmers to recover without your support.

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Situation 3

The Metal Processing Company

You work for a large metal processing enterprise which is planning to set up a newprocessing plant. You have been informed that a suitable place has been found in one of the distant regions of your country. The price is reasonable and local labour costs would be far lower than in your region, taking into account extremely high unemployment rate.

Unfortunately, however, the place is one of great scenic beauty and environmental value. The natural habitat of many rare species of wildlife would be harmed, if not totally destroyed, by the building of the plant. The authorities of that region would not be against your plans to build, as job creation is the biggest priority compared to nature conservation and environment protection.

XLII. Study the text. While reading focus on different types of motivations people have when they enter the world of engineering.

Careers in Science or Engineering

People seek careers in science or engineering for many reasons. Some have specific goals: they wish to cure diseases or combat hunger or reduce pollution; or they dream of developing the next laser, transistor, or vehicle for space travel; or they imagine building companies that take advantage of new engineering capabilities. Some choose careers in science or engineering because they are curious about the natural world. Others are motivated by the excitement and beauty of the intellectual world and hope to formulate theories that will lead to new ways of thinking about the world. Still others imagine educating people about science or engineering in schools or through the media: they want to provide advice or shape public policies on issues of direct relevance to science or engineering. Each of these motivations is legitimate, each is valuable, and each flows naturally from an education in science and engineering.

Careers in science and engineering are essentially hope-filled activities that can improve people’s lives and result in knowledge that all people can share. As the techniques and products of science and technology have become more central to modern society, a background in science and engineering has become essential to more and more careers. In fact, degrees in science and engineering are becoming as fundamental to modern life as the traditional liberal-arts degree. The

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contributions of scientists and engineers already extend beyond research and development and throughout the realms of teaching, business, industry, and government. People with bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees in science or engineering are forming companies, managing businesses, practicing law, formulating policy, consulting, and running for political office. They are forming global communities of common interests that transcend the differences among individuals, corporate activities, or nations.

XLIII. Dwell upon the following topics, summarizing the ideas from the text and taking into consideration your own experience.

•What are the specific goals people have when they seek careers in science or engineering? Enumerate them. Add your own ideas to the list. Share them with your partners.

•Interpret the following statement: “Others are motivated by the excitcment and beauty of the intellectual world”. Develop the idea of taking the delight in performing scientific work. Have you ever had such kind of experience? Share your experience with group mates.

•Are all motivations mentioned in the text legitimate or some of them are groundless from your point of view? Express your opinion.

•What is the social utility of careers in science and engineering?

•Are people with bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees in science or engineering employed solely in the area of technology?

XLIV. Read and translate the dialogue ‘Looking for a job”

Interviewer: How are you today? Candidate: I’m fine, thank you. And you?

Interviewer: Isn’t this great weather we’re having? Candidate: Yes, it’s wonderful. I love this time of year. Interviewer: Did you have any trouble finding us? Candidate: No, the office isn’t too difficult to find. Interviewer: Tell me about yourself.

Candidate: I was born and raised in Milan, Italy. I attended the University of Milan and received my master’s degree in Economics. I have worked for 12 years as a financial consultant in Milan for various companies including Rossi Consultants, Quarto Insurance and Bardi and Sons. I enjoy playing tennis in my free time and learning languages. (another variant: I’ve just graduated from the University of Singapore

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with a degree in Computers. During the summers, I worked as a systems administrator for a small company to help pay for my education.).

Interviewer: What type of position are you looking for? Candidate: I’m interested in an entry level (beginning) position.

(other variants: I’m looking for a position in which I can utilize my experience./ I would like any position for which I qualify.)

Interviewer: Are you interested in a full-time or part-time position?

Candidate: I am more interested in a full-time position. However, I would also consider a part-time position.

Interviewer: Can you tell me about your responsibilities at your last job?

Candidate: I advised customers on financial matters. After I consulted the customer, I completed a customer inquiry form and catalogued the information in our database. I then collaborated with colleagues to prepare the best possible package for the client. The clients were then presented with a summarized report on their financial activities that I formulated on a quarterly basis.

Interviewer: What is your greatest strength?

Candidate: I am an excellent communicator. People trust me and come to me for advice. One afternoon, my colleague was involved with a troublesome (difficult) customer who felt he was not being served well. I made the customer a cup of coffee and invited both my colleague and the client to my desk where we solved the problem together.

Interviewer: What is your greatest weakness?

Candidate: I tend to spend too much time making sure the customer is satisfied. However, I began setting time-limits for myself, if I noticed this happening.

Interviewer: Why do you want to work for Smith and Sons? Candidate: After following your firms progress for the last 3

years, I am convinced that Smith and Sons are becoming one of the market leaders and I would like to be part of the team.

Interviewer: When can you begin? Candidate: Immediately.

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UNIT 5

COUNTRIES AND CULTURES

Topics for discussions: Modern languages of intercultural communication. The differences between British English and American English. Way of life in different countries and cultures. World is a «global village». Laws of society in different countries. Advantages and disadvantages of urbanization. Russia. Moscow. Great Britain. London.

Grammar: The Past Continuous Tense. The Russian Federation

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth’s surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers. The country is washed by 12 seas and 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belorussia, the Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.

There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.

There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.

There are over two million rivers in Russia. The biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers – the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena – flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean.

Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world’s deepest lake (1,600 meters) is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.

Russia has one-sixth of the world’s forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.

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On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental. Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.

Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma.

The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre. It is one of the oldest Russian cities.

At present, the political and economic situation in the country is rather complicated. There are a lot of problems in the national economy of the Russian Federation. The industrial production is decreasing. The prices are constantly rising, the rate of inflation is very high.

But in spite of the problems Russia is facing at present, there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world. I’m sure that we, the younger generation, can do very much to make Russia as strong and powerful as it used to be.

Exercises

I. Give English equivalents for the following:

занимать, поверхность, восточный, северный, общая площадь, квадратный километр, омывать, граничить с, морская граница, едва ли найдется страна, разнообразие, множество, пейзаж, растительность, степь, равнина, средняя полоса, тундра, тайга, нагорье, высокогорная местность, пустыня, цепь, разделять, впадать, сибирский, считать, дно, сосредотачиваться, концентрироваться, европейский, обширный, территория, различный, климат, климатический пояс, арктический, субтропический, умеренный, континентальный, нефть, уголь, железнаяруда, медь, полезныеископаемые.

II. Read the following information.

Ancient Rus

Since the 6th century, Slavic tribes have played an important role in history. Each tribe lived by itself and at the head of it was a leader who was called he prince. The main occupations of the Ancient Slavs were agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting and fishing. First they had a primitive communal system; later when private property, military campaigns and the expansion of production appeared, they formed the first Slavonic State, known as Rus.

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The Ancient Russian State was ruled by the princes and boyars who were rich landowners. Each prince had his own bodyguard. All the rest of the people had to pay a tribute to him.

There were 3 State Centers on the territory of Ancient Rus:

-Novgorod Principality;

-Vladimir-Suzdal Principality;

-Galitzk-Volynsk Principality.

The tribes of the Eastern Slavs united in the 9th century and formed a state which was called Rus. In history, Rus was known as Kievan Rus, since Kiev was for many centuries the capital of the state.

When Grand Prince Vladimir of Kiev, baptized himself in 988, he forced the Kievans to accept Christianity. Christianity helped unite the Russian people and develop the written language. It also helped introduce Byzantine culture to Russia.

Russian matryoshka

Russian matryoshka appeared in Russia from Japan in 1890. It was a wooden figure of the wise man Fukurumy – a doll with a long head. Inside the doll you could find several figures – a family of the wise man.

Спряжение глаголов в Past Continuous

III. Open the brackets and use either the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous.

I.We (walk) in silence when he suddenly (ask) me to help him.

2.I just (have) breakfast when the telephone (ring). When I came back to my coffee, it (be) cold. 3. When I (finish) my letter in the hall, a tall beautiful woman with red hair (enter). A dog (follow) her. 4. Ann

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(drop) two cups while she (wash up) last night, but neither of the cups (break). 5.1 (walk) along the street watching what (go on) around me. Fast cars (rush) in both directions and it (be) impossible to cross the street. 6. The old man who (sit) on the bench beside me (keep) silence. Then suddenly he (turn round) to me and (begin) to speak. 7. I (stand) near the fence when suddenly 1 (hear) the voices. 8. He well (remember) the day when he first (go) to school. 9. We (talk) about Jim when he (run) into the room. 10. The day was marvelous: the sun (shine), the birds (sing) so we (decide) to go for a walk. 11. Miss Brown’s telephone (ring) when she (dress). 12. I (light) my pipe and (nod) to him to show that I (listen). 13. When he (come) into the office the secretary (do) a crosswords puzzle. 14. Why you (not listen) to me while I (speak)? 15. He (wait) for her, but she never (come).

IV. Open the brackets and use either Present Continuous or Past Continuous.

1. I (to write) an English exercise now. 2. I (to write) an English exercise at this time yesterday. 3. My little sister (to sleep) now. 4. My little sister (to sleep) at this time yesterday. 5. My friends (not to do) their homework now. They (to play) volley-ball. 6. My friends (not to do) their homework at seven o’clock yesterday. They (to play) volley-ball. 7. You (to eat) ice-cream now? 8. You (to eat) ice-cream when I rang you up yesterday? 9. What your father (to do) now? 10. What your father (to do) from eight till nine yesterday? 11. Why she (to cry) now? 12. Why she (to cry) when I saw her yesterday? 13. She (to read) the whole evening yesterday. 14. She (not to read) now, 15. Now she (to go) to school. 16. What you (to do) now? – I (to drink) tea. 17. You (to drink) tea at this time yesterday? – No, I (not to drink) tea at this time yesterday, I (to eat) a banana 18. My sister is fond of reading. She (to read) the whole evening yesterday, and now she (to read) again, 19. Look! My cat (to play) with a ball. 20. When 1 went out into the garden, the sun (to shine) and birds (to sing) in the trees.

V. Open the brackets and use either Present Continuous or Past Continuous.

1. I (to play) computer games yesterday. 2. I (to play) computer games at five o’clock yesterday. 3. He (to play) computer games from two till three yesterday. 4. We (to play) computer games the whole evening yesterday. 5. What Nick (to do) when you came to his place? 6. What you (to do) when I rang you up? 7. I (not to sleep) at nine

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o’clock yesterday. 8. What he (to do) yesterday? – He (to read) a book.

9.What he (to do) the whole evening yesterday? – He (to read) a book.

10.She (to sleep) when you came home? 11. My brother (not to play) tennis yesterday. He (to play) tennis the day before yesterday. 12. My sister (not to play) the piano at four o’clock yesterday. She (to play) the piano the whole evening. 13. When I came into the kitchen, mother (to cook). 14. She (to cook) the whole day yesterday. 15. We (to wash) the floor in our flat yesterday. 16. We (to wash) the floor in our flat from three till four yesterday. 17. You (to do) your homework yesterday? 18. You (to do) your homework from eight till ten yesterday? 19. Why she (to sleep) at seven o’clock yesterday? 20. He (to sit) at the table the whole evening yesterday.

VI. Open the brackets and use either Present Continuous or Past Continuous.

1.I (to go) to the cinema yesterday. 2. I (to go) to the cinema at four o’clock yesterday. 3. I (to go) to the cinema when you met me.

4.I (to do) my homework the whole evening yesterday. 5.1 (to do) my homework when mother came home. 6.I (to do) my homework yesterday. 7. I (to do) my homework from five till eight yesterday. 8. I (to do) my homework at six o’clock yesterday. 9. I (not to play) the piano yesterday. I (to write) a letter to my friend. 10. I (not to play) the piano at four o’clock yesterday. I (to read) a book. 11. He (not to sleep) when father came home. He (to do) his homework. 12. When we were in the country last summer, I (to go) to the wood one day. In the wood I (to find) a little fox cub. I (to bring) it home. I (to decide) to tame the cub. Every day I (to feed) it and (to take) care of it. I (to tame) it the whole summer. Now the fox cub is quite tame. It lives in my house. 13. When I (to go) to school the day before yesterday, I met Mike and Pete. They (to talk) and (to laugh). They told me a funny story. Soon I (to laugh), too. I still (to laugh) when we came to school. After school I (to tell) this story at home. My father and mother (to like) it very much.

VII. Choose the right variant using the Present Perfect, the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous Tense.

While I (was waiting/waited/have waited) for him to call up, he (had/was having/have had) a good time in the bar. 2. She (has written/ wrote/was writing) this exercise yesterday at 8 o’clock. 3. He (has invited/was inviting/ invited) me to the party yesterday. 4. I (passed/

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