Angliyskiy

-With this money he started to invent.

-Edison was ten when he read his first science book.

-In 1876, he invented the phonograph.

-After that, he built a laboratory in his house.

-When he was twenty-three, he made a lot of money.

-He started his own laboratory at Menlo Park.

XXII. Complete the sentences with the Past Tense forms of the verbs in brackets. EXAMPLE: Edison started his own laboratory in Menlo Park (start).

1)Edison ____ the light bulb (invent).

2)When he was twenty-three, he____a special machine (make).

3)He______this invention for a lot of money (sell).

4)Edison______chemists to help him (hire).

5)Edison______day and night (work).

6)He often______naps (take).

XXIII. Write an essay about famous scientists and outstanding graduates of your School.

Спряжение глаголов в Present Perfect

XXIV. Give news about yourself and other people to a friend of yours. Use the words given to make sentences in the Present Perfect Tense.

1. Example: My sister/get married. —My sister has got married 1. I/find/a new job. 2. My father/retire. 3. Jane and Mike/go to work/to Australia. 4. I/buy/a new motorcycle. 5. My niece/start to walk. 6. The Browns/move/to another town. 7. Jack’s Grandpa/die.

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8. I/join/another football club. 9. Nick and Rita/divorce. 10. John/receive/ a fortune, he/become/a millionaire.

XXV. Ask your friend who is in the USA questions about what he or his relatives have seen or done (use the Present Perfect Tense).

Example: You/have/a good journey? — Have you had a good journey?

1.You/already/see/the Great American Lakes? 2. You/be/to Broadway? 3. Mike/manage to see/the Statue of Liberty? 3. What/ new places/your brother/show to you? 4. Ann/visit/the White House?

5.Your father/get/ promotion? 6. You/receive/your driving license?

7.Your brother/change/a car? 8. What kind of house/you/buy.

XXVI. Say what you or your friends have not done yet ( this year, month, etc.).

Example: I/not be/to the theatre/this month. — I have not been to the theatre this month.

1.Sue/not read/Gone with the Wind/yet. 2. Jill/not enter/London University/this year. 3. Larry/not produce/ a new film/yet. 4. Peggy and Paul/not move/to another flat this month. 5. Pete/not finish/his project yet. 6. My cousin/not get married/this month. 7. Mrs. Brown/ not recover/yet. 8. They/not go/on business/this week.

XXVII. Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct tense, either the Present Indefinite Tense, the Present Continuous Tense or the Present Perfect Tense.

1.As a rule, I (have) porridge for breakfast, but this morning I (order) an omelet. 2. This is the house where I (live). I (live) here since childhood. 3. Stop smoking! The room (be) full of smoke which (come) from your pipe. Usually nobody (smoke) here as Mother (not let) it. 4. I (write) letters home once a week, but I (not write) one this week, so my next letter must be rather long. 5. No wonder she (look) tired after the strain under which she (be) for a month. 6. Why you (not shave) this morning? — I (shave) every other day. 7. Research (show) that lots of people (absorb) new information more efficiently at some times of day than at others. A biological rhythm (affect) different people in different ways. 8.1 just (look) at the barometer and (see) that it (fall) very quickly. 9. Don’t shout so loudly. Father (not finish) work and he hates if anybody (make a noise) while he (work).

10.I regularly (see) him at the tram stop, but I (not see) him these two or three days.

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XXVIII. Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct tense, either the Past Indefinite Tense or the Present Perfect Tense.

1.You (find) the money which you (lose) yesterday? — Yes, I (find) it in the pocket of my coat when I (come) home. 2. The rain (stop) but a strong wind is still blowing. 3. You (see) Nick today? — Yes, but he already (leave). 4. We never (see) him. We don’t even know what he looks like. 5. She (meet) them in the Globus theatre last afternoon.

6.How long you (know) him? — We (meet) in 1996, but we (not see) each other since last autumn. 7. He (live) in St. Petersburg for two years and then (go) to Siberia. 8. When he (arrive)? — He (arrive) at

2o’clock. 9. I (read) this book when I was at school. 10.1 can’t go with you because I (not finish) my lessons yet. 11. The clock is slow. — It isn’t slow, it (stop). 12. He (leave) for Canada two years ago and I (not see) him since. 13. This is the fifth cup of coffee you (have) today! I4.lt is the most beautiful place I (visit). 16 I (not see) Nick lately. Anything (happen) to him? — Yes, he (get) into an accident three weeks ago. Since that time he (be) in hospital. 16. Why you (switch on) the light? It isn’t dark yet. 17. He (do) everything already? — Yes, he (do) his part of work long ago. 18. The last post (come)? — Yes, it (come) half an hour ago. 19. When you (meet) him last? 20. You ever (be) to Japan? — Yes, I (be) there the year when there was an earthquake. 21. The discussion already (begin). Why are you always late? 22. Why you (take) my pen while I was out? You (break) it. 23. You never (tell) me why you’re called Tony when your name is John. 24, Her father (die) when she was a small girl. 25. They (not meet) since they (leave) school. 26. The rain (stop). Come out, I want to speak with you.

XXIX. Transform the sentences, using Present Perfect.

1.I am eating my breakfast. 2. We are drinking water. 3. He is bringing them some meat and vegetables. 4. You are putting the dishes on the table. 5. They are having tea. 6. She is taking the dirty plates from the table. 7. The children are putting on their coats. 8. The pupils are writing a dictation. 9. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem. 10. I am learning a poem. 11. She is telling them an interesting story. 12. Kate is sweeping the floor. 13. The waiter is putting a bottle of lemonade in front of him. 14. Susan is making a new dress for her birthday party. 15. She is opening a box of chocolates.

XXX. Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct tense, either the Present Continuous Tense or the Present Perfect Tense.

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1.What are you (to talk) about? 2. We have just (to talk) about it.

3.He has just (to say) something about it. 4. She is (to tell) them some interesting story. 5. He has (to tell) us nothing about it, 6. She has (to tell) them some stories about dogs. 7. We have (to have) two lessons today. 8. They are (to have) a meeting. 9. She has not (to speak) yet.

10.They have (to ask) me several questions. 11. He has already (to learn) the rule. 12. I am (to write) an exercise. 13. What is he (to do)? — He is (to read) a newspaper. 14. Have you (to read) any stories by Jack London? 15. What are you (to do) here? — I am (to write) a letter to my friends. 16. Who has (to write) this article? 17. What language are you (to study)? 18 We have already (to learn) a lot of English words.

19.What is she (to teach) them? 20. Who has (to teach) you to do it?

21.He has just (to do) something for us. 22. Have you (to find) the book? 23. What are you (to look) for?

XXXI. Translate, using Present Perfect or Present Continuous.

1. Я только что позавтракал. 2. Он уже позавтракал.

3.Мы еще не завтракали. 4. Они все еще пьют чай в столовой.

5.Я уже сделал свои уроки. 6. Он все еще делает свои уроки.

7.Унассегоднябылотриурока. 8. Унихтолькочтобылособрание.

9.Она еще не читала этой книги. 10. Она все еще читает. 11. Кто это написал? 12. Что вы ему написали?

XXXII. Translate, using Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1.We (to travel) around Europe last year. 2. My father knows so much because he (to travel) a lot. 3. I (to see) Pete today. 4. She (to see) this film last Sunday. 5. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago. 6. I just (to meet) our teacher. 7. The children already (to decide) what to do with the books. 8. Yesterday they (to decide) to help their grandmother. 9. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 10. She (to live) there last year. 11. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 12. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago.

13.Mary (to buy) a new hat. 14. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday. 15. The wind (to blow) off the man’s hat, and he cannot catch it.

16.The weather (to change), and we can go for a walk. 17. The wind (to change) in the morning.

XXXIII. Translate, using Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1.I already (to do) my homework. Now I can go for a walk.

2.I (to do) my homework yesterday. 3. He just (to come) home.

4.He (to come) home a minute ago. 5. Nick (to play) football yesterday.

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6. She already (to come) from school. Now she is doing her homework. 7. I (to read) this book last year. 8. I (to read) this book this year.

9.I never (to be) to Washington. 10. You ever (to be) to New York?

11.You ever (to see) the eruption of a volcano? 12. I (not yet to eat) today.

13.He (not to eat) yesterday. 14. You (to play) the piano yesterday?

15.You (to play) the piano today? 16. What you (to prepare) for today?

17.Look at this bird-house. Mike (to make) it himself. He (to make) it last Sunday. 18. Where you (to put) my pen? I cannot find it. 19. You (to see) Mary today? 20. When you (to see) Mary? — I (to see) her last week. 21. Your mother (to promise) to take you to the theatre? 22. Look at my new dress! I (to make) it myself. 23. He is not at school today, he (to fall) ill. — When he (to fall) ill? — He (to fall) ill yesterday.

XXXIV. Translate, using Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1.The sun (not to rise) yet, but the sky in the east is getting lighter every minute. 2. I (to see) you walking along the street the other day with a heavy bag. 3. I (not to read) the newspaper today. 4. It is very late, and trams (to stop) running: we must find a taxi to get home. 5. How many times you (to be) to St. Petersburg? 6. At last I (to translate) this article: now I shall have a little rest. 7. We (to go) to the country yesterday, but the rain (to spoil) all the pleasure. 8. My watch was going in the morning, but now it (to stop). 9. The lecture (not yet to begin) and the students are talking in the classroom.

10.She just (to go) out. 11. She (to leave) the room a moment ago.

12.We (not yet to solve) the problem. 13. When it all (to happen)?

14.The morning was cold and rainy, but since ten o’clock the weather (to change) and now the sun is shining brightly. 15. Show me the dress which you (to make). 16. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud (to cover) the sky. I think it will start raining in a few minutes.

17.Oh, close the window! Look, all my papers (to fall) on the floor because of the wind. 18. When you (to open) the window? — I (to open) it ten minutes ago.

XXXV. Study the information about the nature of the work of engineers, specialty classification, and their working conditions. Think about the area you want to be employed in. Speak about your choice.

Engineering Specialties

Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between perceived social needs and commercial applications.

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Engineers consider many factors when developing a new product. For example, in developing an industrial robot, engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design and test the robot’s components; integrate the components to produce the final design; and evaluate the design’s overall effectiveness, cost, reliability, and safety. This process applies to the development of many different products, such as chemicals, computers, gas turbines, helicopters, and toys.

Most engineers specialize. There are 17 engineering specialties covered in the Federal Government’s Standard Occupational Classification system.

Aerospace engineers design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles and supervise the manufacture of these products.

Agricultural engineers apply knowledge of engineering technology and science to agriculture and the efficient use of biological resources.

Biomedical engineers develop devices and procedures that solve medical and health-related problems by combining their knowledge of biology and medicine with engineering principles and practices.

Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry to solve problems involving the production or use of chemicals and biochemicals.

Civil engineers design and supervise the construction of roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and water supply and sewage systems.

Computer hardware engineers research, design, develop, test, and oversee the installation of computer hardware and supervise its manufacture and installation.

Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacture of electrical equipment.

Electronics engineers, except computer, are responsible for a wide range of technologies, from portable music players to the global positioning system (GPS), which can continuously provide the location of a vehicle. Electronics engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacture of electronic equipment such as broadcast and communications systems.

Environmental engineers develop solutions to environmental problems using the principles of biology and chemistry. They are involved in water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public health issues.

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Health and safety engineers promote worksite or product safety by applying knowledge of industrial processes and mechanical, chemical, and human performance principles (e.g. identifying and measuring potential risks of fires or the dangers involved in the handling of toxic chemicals).

Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways to use the basic factors of production – people, machines, materials. information, and energy-to make a product or to provide a service.

Marine engineers and naval architects are involved in the design, construction, and maintenance of ships, boats, and related equipment.

Materials engineers are involved in the development, processing, and testing of the materials used to create a range of products, from computer chips and television screens to golf clubs and snow skis.

Mechanical engineers research, develop, design, manufacture, and test tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. They work on power-producing machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines.

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers, find, extract, and prepare coal, metals, and minerals for use by manufacturing industries and utilities.

Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation.

Petroleum engineers search the world for reservoirs containing oil or natural gas.

Working Conditions

Most engineers work in office buildings, laboratories, or industrial plants. Others may spend time outdoors at construction sites and oil and gas exploration and production sites, where they monitor or direct operations or solve onsite problems. Some engineers travel extensively to plants or worksites.

Many engineers work a standard 40-hour week. At times, deadlines or design standards may bring extra pressure to a job, requiring engineers to work longer hours.

A bachelor’s degree is required for most entry-level jobs. Starting salaries are significantly higher than those of college

graduates in other fields.

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Continuing education is critical for engineers wishing to enhance their value to employers as technology evolves.

XXXVI. Read the text, while reading pay attention to different categories of skills and competences an engineer should have to comply with demands of employers in modern industry.

Occupational Standards

The Engineering Council’s Standards and Routes to Registration (SARTOR) details competencies required for engineers.

1)exercise independent technical judgment at an appropriate

level;

2)assume responsibility, as an individual or as a member of a team, for the management of resources and/or guidance of technical staff;

3)design, develop, manufacture, commission, operate and maintain products, equipment, processes and services;

4)actively participate in financial, statutory and commercial considerations and in the creation of cost effective systems and procedures;

5)utilize effective communication skills and actively participate in human and industrial relations;

6)make a personal commitment to live by the appropriate code of professional conduct which recognizes obligations to society, the profession and the environment.

Educators who train engineers are faced with the problem of satisfying the requirements of the QAA (Quality Assurance Agency) and employers. The following skills and knowledge have to be acquired by future technical experts.

(A) Knowledge and Understanding

1)develop an understanding of engineering and commercial principles and concepts;

2)maintain and manage current technology efficiently;

3)take up a role in society with regard to economic and environment sustainability;

4)practice codes of professional conduct, recognizing obligations to society, the profession and the environment;

5)extend specialist knowledge in the application of new technologies.

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(B) Intellectual (thinking) skills

1)exercise independent technical judgment at an appropriate level;

2)design, develop and operate products, equipment, processes and services;

3)actively participate in financial statutory and commercial considerations and the creation of cost effective systems and procedure;

4)use a range of thought processes to identify problems and formulate a number of possible solution.

(C) Practical Skills

1)use laboratory scientific equipment and instrumentation competently and safely;

2)observe, record, manipulate and evaluate data;

3)demonstrate the process of experimentation, prototype build and manufacturing;

4)prepare descriptive and interpretive technical reports;

(D) Transferable/Key Skills

1)assume responsibility, as an individual or as a member of a team, for the management of resources and/or guidance of technical staff;

2)utilize effective communication skills and actively participate in human and industrial relations;

3)utilize Information Technology in the preparation, process and presentation of information;

4)apply numerical skills in the collection and recording of data, interpretation and presentation of data and the solving of problems;

5)manage own roles, responsibilities and time in achieving objectives, learning, performance, new and changing situations and contexts.

XXXVII. Work in mini-groups. Make up your own hierarchy of skills and competences necessary for an engineer and show it using diagrams and pie charts.

XXXVIII. Discuss the necessity of different skills mentioned above for you as a future engineer. Share your points of view with your group mates. Say whether all the skills are necessary for a person who wants to stay competitive.

XXXIX. Discuss the following questions with your classmates.

1. Why have you decided to become an engineer? What is your personal motivation to become an engineer? Use the verbs pertaining to the semantic sphere of wish (possible variants are given in brackets)

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-wish: (wish to cure diseases or combat hunger or reduce pollution);

-dream: (dream of developing the next laser, transistor, or vehicle for space travel);

-imagine: (imagine building companies that take advantage of new engineering capabilities; imagine educating people about science or engineering in schools or through the media);

-hope: (hope to formulate theories that will lead to new ways of thinking about the world);

-want: (want to provide advice or shape public policies on issues of direct relevance to science or engineering).

2. Is it your lifetime dream? Have you ever faced the choice: to study Humanities or enter the world of Sciences?

3. Do you think that modern society experiences a lack of skilled engineers? Or vice versa there is no need in so much technical staff nowadays as everything is computerized and one good technician is enough to operate complicated electronic systems? Give your reason.

4. Do engineers work only in the spheres of science and technology? What specialists are in great demand on the market? Express your point of view.

5. Dwell upon skills, habits and competences that are the barest necessity for engineers. Think about requirements an engineer has to meet while applying for a job.

6. Make a comment on the quotations given below.

• “Modern science and techniques have taught mankind at least one lesson: Nothing is impossible.” Lewis Mumford (American philosopher)

• “It is only when they go wrong that machines remind you how powerful they are.”Clive James (Australian critic)

• “A good scientist is a person with original ideas. A good engineer is a person who makes a design that works with as few original ideas as possible. There are no prima donnas in engineering.” Freeman Dyson (English physicist)

XL. Discuss the questions below with your classmates.

1. What is ethics in your opinion? What is professional ethics? 2. Which of the views expressed below do you agree with? Why?

• You should always apply your own ethical standards when doing business, pursuing science or doing anything else.

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