Методичка Англ. яз. II вариант

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10.When was the first atomic power plant in the world put into operation? 11.When did Kurchatov die?

12.How are his great ideas immortalized?

Today's Astonishing Computers

Not long ago computers were not very reliable and comparatively slow in operation. Since then, several generations of complex electronic computing equipment have been developed, each being significantly better than the one before it. Almost every day a new use is found for these astonishing devices to help man.

We know a computer to be a complex electronic device that can store and process vast quantities of information. Following instructions, computing equipment will perform calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and provide the answers to a large variety of problems in a tiny fraction of time.

A computer is known to be the "heart" of an electronic data processing system, other parts of equipment being auxiliary.

There are two main types of computing equipment - digital and analogue. They work differently and yield different results. The digital computer is performing a much broader range of functions than analogue one.

The analogue computer, as its name implies, produces analogues or parallels of the process to be described or the problem to be solved. Both the digital and the analogue computers must be "programmed". This means they must be set up in such a way that they can produce a result from the information fed into them, and information itself must be organized so it can be handled by the machines. These devices working by electronic impulses perform at fantastic speed and with great precision.

Looking to the future, computer makers see no end to the things they would like to accomplish. The computer of the future seems to be developed by using bionics - biological functions of plants and animals - as a guide in designing electronic circuits.

Nowadays computer makers are working at the problem of introducing small computers into our everyday life making them personal. They are trying to develop a computer that will understand human language.

Each new generation of computers opens up new possibilities for basic and applied research.

Notes on the text: accomplish v - осуществлять

auxiliary a - вспомогательный data n - данные, информация

data processing system - система обработки информации describe v - описывать

digital a - цифровой generation n - поколение plant n - растение precision n - точность process v - обрабатывать

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range n - диапазон reliable a - надежный

set up (set) v - организовывать

tiny fraction of time - очень короткий период времени yield v - выдавать, производить

Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What were the computers like not long ago?

2.Have they been developed since that time?

3.What is a computer?

4.What calculations can a computer perform?

5.What two types of computing equipment do you know?

6.Do digital and analogue computers work in the same way?

7.How do digital and analogue computers work?

Astronomical Capital of the World

Two great observatories, Greenwich and Pulkovo, occupy a leading place among the observatories of the world. Some scientists call Pulkovo the astronomical capital of the world.

Pulkovo is situated in a hilly area some kilometers from St. Petersburg. You can't get to Pulkovo by train - when the railway was being built the astronomers specially asked that it should be kept several kilometers away so that there should be no vibration to affect the sensitive instruments.

The work started in 1839, when the observatory was opened, is being continued now. This is the eternal work of astronomers - to define the precise co-ordinates of the stars, to find out the exact "addresses" of heavenly bodies.

But today the scientists also conduct a time service, they study activity of the Sun, follow the flights of the Earth sputniks and calculate their orbits. The scientists of the observatory have made a valuable contribution to the study of the cosmos by observing Soviet artificial Earth satellites, man-made moons. The study of their orbits is very important for the flights of manned spaceships.

The Pulkovo observatory has a radio-astronomy department equipped with modern apparatus. The big radio-telescope installed there is stronger than any other telescope in the world. With the help of this powerful device the scientists of the Pulkovo observatory carry out a number of observations of Venus, Jupiter and other planets. It is necessary that before flying to other planets scientists should get the greatest possible information about the heavenly bodies.

The astronomers have obtained extremely surprising results due to radioastronomical observation. By means of the radio-telescope some remarkable studies of the surface of the Sun and of solar activity have been made and a method of investigating the movement of planets has been worked out.

Astronomical observation and cosmic experiments are spheres of scientific research in which broad co-operation of scientists of various countries would be most effective.

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Russian scientists, workers and technicians have produced and launched space rockets in the direction of the Moon, Venus and Mars and are fulfilling the noble dreams of mankind. May there be peaceful ships flying the space routes and may they serve the interests of all the people of the world.

Notes on the text:

affect v - воздействовать artificial a - искусственный by means of - посредством device n - прибор

dream n - мечта ;v - мечтать exact a - точный

extremely adv - чрезвычайно find out (found) v- узнать flight n - полет

fly (flew, flown) v - летать follow v - следить, следовать fulfil v - выполнять

have made a contribution - внесли вклад keep (kept) v - держать

launch v - запускать

man v - укомплектовывать личным составом observe v - наблюдать

remarkable a - выдающийся sensitive a - чувствительный situate v - располагать start v - начинать

Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What two observatories occupy a leading place in the world?

2.What do some scientists call Pulkovo?

3.Where is Pulkovo situated?

4.Why did the astronomers ask to keep the railway away from Pulkovo?

5.What is the eternal work of astronomers?

6.What other kinds of work do astronomers conduct now?

7.Why is it important to study the orbits of man-made satellites?

8.How do scientists at the Pulkovo observatory carry out observations of Venus, Jupiter and other planets?

What is an Electric Current?

The question is often asked: "What is an electric current?" No one has ever seen it. We only know of the existence of a current owing to its effects. A current can heat a conductor, it can have a chemical action when passing through a solution, or it can

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produce a magnetic effect. We can measure currents by observing their heating, chemical or magnetic effects. The practical unit of current is called the Ampere.

Two things are necessary to cause an electric current to flow: first - a complete circuit, and second - a driving force called the electromotive force (e. m. f.).

If you put free electrons on an insulated copper ball, what would they do? In this case they would try to repel each other. In case you connected this charged ball to another ball of equal size by a copper wire, what would be the result? The electrons would move along the copper wire until the number of electrons on each ball was the same. This is an example of electromotive force causing a current to flow.

A battery has a surplus of electrons on one of its two plates; so you say that a battery furnishes an e. m. f. If a copper wire is run from one plate to the other, a current flows in the complete circuit thus made. If a small bulb is placed in the circuit, it will light up, giving evidence to a current flow. If the battery was disconnected and a generator substituted for it, we should have a typical lighting system. Both batteries and generators are the most common sources of electromotive force. The practical unit of e. m. f. is the Volt.

Current will flow more readily in some substances than in others, that is, various substances offer lesser or greater resistance to the flow of current. Such substances as porcelain, ebonite, rubber, glass and the like having extremely high resistance are known as insulators. The practical unit of resistance is the Ohm.

Substances whose properties lie between those of conductors and insulators are called semiconductors. Let us name but a few most widely used at present, they are germanium, silicon, selenium and copper oxide. The importance of semiconductors in our life cannot be overestimated. But for these tiny "workhorses" electronic industry would not have achieved such a great progress.

Notes on the text:

and the like - и другие подобные (вещества) charge v - заряжать

circuit n - цепь

common a - распространенный, общий complete a - зд. замкнутая

current n - ток

driving force (here) = electromotive force (e. m. f.) - электродвижущая сила evidence n - доказательство

insulate v - изолировать insulator n - изолятор

like a - похожий, подобный owning to prp - благодаря plate n - плата, пластинка readily adv - легко, быстро

semiconductor n - полупроводник silicon n - кремний

substitute (for) v - заменять thus adv - таким образом

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tiny a - крошечный

Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What is the unit of current?

2.What can an electric current do?

3.What is necessary to cause an electric current to flow?

4.What are the most common sources of electromotive force?

5.How does current flow in various substances?

6.What is the unit of resistance?

7.What substance do we call insulators?

8.What semiconductors do you know?

Lasers Today and Tomorrow

The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology.

Atoms emit rays of different length which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light. The laser forces its atoms to emit rays having the same length and travelling in the same direction. The result is a narrow, extremely intense beam of light that spreads out very little and is therefore able to travel very great distances.

The most common laser is the helium-neon laser in the laser tube, there being 10 per cent helium gas and 90 per cent neon gas. At the end of the tube there is a mirror, and at the other end there is a partial mirror. The electrons get energy from a power supply and become "excited", giving off energy as light. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape through the partial mirror at the other end of the tube.

The first laser having been built in 1960, scientists developed several types of lasers which make use of luminescent crystals, luminescent glass, a mixture of various gases and finally semiconductors.

Having been developed at the Lebedev Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the optical generators. While the size of a ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimeters and that of a gas generator is about a meter long, a semiconductor laser is a few tens of a millimeter long, the density of its radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that, of the best ruby lasers.

But the most interesting thing about semiconductor lasers is that they are able to transform electric energy directly into light wave energy. They perform it with an efficiency approaching 100 per cent as compared with a maximum of about 1 per cent of other lasers, this property of semiconductor lasers opening up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.

But it is in the field of communication that the laser will find its most extensive application in future. Scientists foresee the day when a single laser beam will be employed to carry simultaneously millions of telephone conversations or a thousand of television programmes. It will serve for fast communications across continents, under the sea, between the Earth and spaceships and between men travelling in space.

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The potential importance of these applications continues to stimulate new development in the laser field.

Notes on the text:

approach v - приближаться, достигать beam n - луч

carry v - передавать compare v - сравнивать density n - плотность emit v - излучать employ v - использовать extensive a - обширный

foresee (foresaw; foreseen) v - предвидеть intense a - интенсивный

laser - слово лазер состоит из начальных букв фразы, описывающей функцию прибора: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation - усиление света в результате вынужденного излучения

mirror n - зеркало narrow a - узкий

partial mirror - полупрозрачное стекло power supply - источник питания prevent v – препятствовать

spread v - распространять(ся) single a - единственный, один travel v - двигаться

Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What is a laser?

2.What is a function of a laser?

3.What beam of light does a laser produce?

4.When was the first laser built?

5.What types of quantum generators did scientists develop after 1960?

6.What type of laser is the most common at present?

7.Where will a laser find the most extensive applications in future?

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Раздел 3

Методические указания по работе с устными темами

В разделе 3 данных методических указаний представлены устные темы для ознакомления и дальнейшей работы в аудитории под руководством преподавателя. Вам следует прочитать и перевести тексты тем и выполнить задания после них. На основе вопросов Вы можете составить устное высказывание на английском языке по каждой теме и выучить его наизусть. Все устные темы включены в экзамен.

Устные темы 1 курса: About Myself, Our University Устная тема 2 курса: My Speciality

Устные темы по английскому языку для студентов ФБО

1курс

I. About Myself

1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его, пользуясь активным словарем:

Let me introduce myself. My name is Victor Pavlovich Smirnov. I live in Ukhta. I am 23 years old. I am a worker. I work at the Ukhta oil refinery. I am also a correspondence student. I study at Ukhta State Technical University.

I am single and live with my parents and my younger sister. My father is 45 and my mother is 43. They both work. My mother works as a bookkeeper. My father is a geophysicist. My sister Tanya is 17. She is a first-year day-time student at the same university. She is fond of singing. We are all friendly.

In my free time I like playing the guitar, reading books, magazines, newspapers. In the evening I just watch TV or listen to pop-music. Sometimes my friends visit me and we chat, joke and laugh. We have a good time together.

2. Активный словарь:

Let me introduce myself - Разрешите представиться. a correspondence student - студент-заочник

to be single - быть холостым (или незамужем) to be married - быть женатым (или замужем) younger - младший

both - оба

to be a first (second …) -year student - первокурсник (второкурсник) the same - тот же самый

to be fond of - увлекаться чем-либо free time - свободное время

just - просто

to chat - разговаривать, болтать to joke - шутить

to laugh - смеяться

to have a good time - хорошо проводить время a husband - муж

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a wife - жена a son - сын

a daughter - дочь

3. Заполните пропуски

А. предлогами: at, in, on, to, with:

1)I study … the university … Ukhta.

2)I live … my parents.

3)… free time I watch TV.

4)My sister often listen … music.

5)… Sunday we go … the cinema.

Б. артиклями: a, the, -

1)I am … student.

2)I am … single.

3)I often visit … friends.

4)We have … good time together.

5)My brother is … second-year student.

4. Ответьте на вопросы, используя клише:

1)What is your (full) name?

– My name is … .

2)How old are you?

–I am … years old. 3) Where do you live?

–I live in … .

4) What are you? Where do you work?

–I am … (a worker, an engineer, a clerk, etc.). I work at … . 5) Where do you study?

–I study at … .

6)Are you married or single?

– I am … .

7)Who do you live with?

–I live with my… (parents, wife, husband, daughter, son, etc.) 8) What are the members of your family? What do they do?

–My wife (husband) is … (a worker, an engineer, a clerk, etc.). 9) What do you like doing in your free time?

–I like (am fond of) … (playing computer games, etc.).

5. Составьте сообщение о себе на английском языке.

II. Our University

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1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его, пользуясь активным словарем:

Ukhta State Technical University is one of the biggest and promising higher schools in the Komi Republic. It trains specialists for oil and gas, forestry and building industries. It was founded in 1958. But only in 1999 it became a university.

The Rector is the head of the University. At present the University consists of nine faculties headed by deans. The teaching staff is highly qualified.

I study at the Extra-Mural Faculty. The course of studies at our faculty lasts six years. The academic year is divided into two terms. We learn different special subjects and one foreign language. Each term we pass tests and exams. In the sixth course we have to complete our graduation papers.

Our University occupies eight large buildings. There are many well-equipped classrooms and laboratories. The university library provides students with necessary textbooks and books on speciality. The students who come from other parts of the country live in hostels.

2. Активный словарь:

forestry - лесной

building - строительство; здание

a head (to head) - глава (возглавлять) a dean - декан

the teaching staff - преподавательский состав

the Extra-Mural Faculty - факультет безотрывного обучения the course of studies - курс обучения

the academic year - учебный год a term - семестр

a foreign language - иностранный язык

to complete a graduation paper - выполнить дипломную работу to occupy - занимать

well-equipped - хорошо оборудованный to provide with - обеспечивать чем-либо necessary - необходимый, нужный

a hostel - общежитие

3. Ответьте на вопросы

1)Where do you study at?

2)What kind of University is it?

3)When was our University founded?

4)Who is the head of the University?

5)How many faculties does it consist of?

6)What faculty do you study at?

7)How long does the course of studies last?

8)How many terms is the academic year divided into?

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9)How many buildings does our University occupy?

10)Where can you take textbooks and books on speciality?

11)Where can students live if they come from other parts of the country?

4. Согласитесь или опровергните утверждения, используя выражения.

1)The University was founded n 1967.

2)The dean is the head of the University.

3)There are 8 faculties at our University.

4)Twice the academic year you take tests and exams.

5)There is a dean at the head of each faculty.

6)You have to complete a graduation paper each term.

7)The library provides you with textbooks and books on speciality that you may need.

8)The course of studies at the Extra Mural Faculty is 5 years.

9)The university does not provide students with hostels.

5. Дополните предложения требуемыми словами.

1)You can take books from … .

2)The academic year is divided into … .

3)The University was founded in … .

4)The … at our faculty lasts six years.

5)We have to … at the end of the course of studies.

6)The … is the head of the University.

7)Our University … eight large buildings.

8)Each faculty is … by a dean.

9)If you come from other parts of the country you can live in … .

6. Подготовьте устное сообщение о нашем университете на английском языке.

2курс

III. My Speciality

1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его, пользуясь активным словарем:

I study at Ukhta State Technical University. I am a second-year student of the ExtraMural Faculty. It was founded in 1967. The head of the faculty is Dean, Professor L.V. Parmuzina. At present there are over 1,000 students studying in sixteen specialities. Correspondence students can combine their studies and work.

The graduates of our faculty work not only in the Komi Republic but also in any other regions of Russia.