Введение в специальность СТ_doc

in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters, and light-houses, and in the art of navigation by artificial power, for the purposes of commerce; and in the construction and adaptation of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns.

6.After Telford’s death in 1834, the organisation moved into premises in Great George Street in the heart of Westminster in 1839, and began to publish learned papers on engineering topics. Its members, notablyWilliam Cubitt, were also prominent in the organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851.

7.In some respects ICE was ahead of its time, providing a focus for engineers from other disciplines. Mechanical engineer and tool-maker Henry Maudslaywas an early member and Joseph Whitworth presented one of the earliest papers – it was not until 1847 that the Institution of Mechanical Engineers was established (with George Stephenson as its first President).

8.By the end of the 19th century, ICE had introduced examinations for professional engineering qualifications to help ensure and maintain high standards among its members – a role it continues today.

I. Are these statements

1) The members of the ICEare British engineers only.

2) The ICE set standards for the profession.

3)One of the first learned societies in Britain was the Smeatonian Society.

4)ICE members receive the weekly New Civil Engineer magazine.

5)The young founders of the Institution made a great contribution to establish the ICE as the leading organisation for engineers of all disciplines

6)The ICE's Great George Street headquarters designed byJames Miller and built byJohn Mowlem & Co was completed in 1911.

II. Find the paragraphs (1-6) to which the following ideas correspond:

1.the origin of the ICE

2.the ICE membership

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3.Thomas Telford’s contribution

4.the ICE’s activities

III. Choose the answer to the question: What was the purpose of establishing the ICE?

a)tointroduce examinations for professional engineering qualifications;

b)to advise on education and training curricula;

c)to publish learned papers on engineering topics;

d)to advance mechanical science and knowledge

IV. What is the main idea of the text? Choose from the following as the title of the text:

a)The Past and Present of the ICE

b)History of Civil Engineering

c)The Founder of the Engineering Profession

d)Promoting the Status ofan Engineer

V. Translate paragraph 5 of the text into Russian.

Vocabulary Section

I. Complete the following texts with the words in the boxes. Mind that there is one odd word in each box. Ask your groupmates some questions about the information given in the texts.

(1) House

available * climate * concrete * depend * dwellings * hut * level * mansion * owner * place * provides * status * swimming-pool * taste * together * water

A house is a dwelling (1) _____ for human habitation. Whether a crude (2)

_____ or an elaborate (3) _____, and whatever its degree of intrinsic architectural interest, a house (4) _____ shelter and acts as a focal point for day-to-day living.

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The physical characteristics of a house (5) _____ on climate and location, (6)

_____ building materials, technical skills, and such cultural determinants as the social

(7) _____ and economic resources of the (8) _____ . In rural areas until modern times, people and animals were often housed (9) _____; today houses frequently include storage, work, and guest areas, with several separate spaces for different activities. Houses can be wholly below the ground (10) _____, dug out of the earth, or can be partly below and partly above the ground; most contemporary houses are built above ground (over cellars in cold climates). The primary structural materials employed are wood, earth, brick, and stone, with (11) _____ and steel increasingly used, especially for city (12) _____ ; many of these materials are also used in combination. Choice of material depends on prevalent style, individual (13) _____, and availability. Depending on (14) _____ and available fuels, provisions may be made for heating. In modern industrialized areas, running (15) _____ and interior toilets are common. Whatever its size and conveniences, a house both contains and stands for the basic social unit.

(2) Labyrinth

width * masterpiece * alleys * recreation * surrounded * passageways * chambers * covered * hedges * sacred * gardening * design * tombs * centre

A labyrinth, also called a maze, is a system of intricate (1) _____ and blind (2)

_____. ‘Labyrinth’ was the name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to buildings, entirely or partly subterranean, containing a number of (3) _____ and passages that rendered the exit difficult. Later, especially from the European Renaissance onward, the labyrinth or maze occurred in formal gardens, consisting of intricate paths separated by high hedges.

The Egyptian labyrinth the description of which is given by Herodotus was situated to the east of the Lake of Moeris, opposite the ancient site of Crocodilopolis. According to Herodotus, the entire building (4) _____ by a single wall, contained 12

(5) _____ and 3,000 chambers, 1,500 above and 1,500 below the ground. The roofs were wholly of stone, and the walls were (6) _____ with sculpture. On one side there was a pyramid bout 243 feet high. Herodotus himself went through the upper chambers but was not permitted to visit those underground, which he was told contained the (7) _____of the kings who had build the labyrinth and the tombs of the

(8) _____ crocodiles.

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In gardening, a labyrinth or maze means an intricate network of pathways enclosed by (9) _____ of which it is difficult to find the centre or exit. It is a descendant of the old geometrical style of (10) _____ . The major common kind consists of walks kept to an equal (11) _____ by parallel hedges, which should be too close and thick for the eye readily to penetrate them. The task is to get to the centre, marked in some conspicuous way, then to return; but even those who know the key are apt to be perplexed. Sometimes the (12) _____ consists of alleys only, with no centre.

The maze in the gardens at Hampton Court Palace, one of the finest examples in England, was planted in the reign of William III. The key to the centre is to go left on entering, then, on the first two occasions where there is a option, go right, but thereafter go left.

Navigating through an intricate maze had become a popular form of (13) _____

in parts of Europe and in Japan by the late 20th century, and various commercial mazes were built at amusements parks for use on a paying basis.

Read text B and make notes to be used to speak about this construction. Can you describe it with the help of your notes?

Text B

World's Oldest Building Discovered

Previous oldest hut was found in France

Japanese archaeologists have uncovered the remains of what is believed to be the world's oldest artificial structure, on a hillside at Chichibu, north of Tokyo. The shelter would have been built by an ancient ancestor of humans, Homo erectus, who is known to have used stone tools. The site has been dated to half a million years ago, according to a report in New Scientist.

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It consists of what appear to be 10 post holes, forming two irregular pentagons which may be the remains of two huts. Thirty stone tools were also found scattered around the site.

Important discovery

"It does sound important," says Chris Stringer, head of the human origins group at London's Natural History Museum. "If this is correctly dated and correctly interpreted, it is the first good evidence from 500,000 years ago of a hut structure made by these people."

Before the discovery, the oldest remains of a structure were those at Terra Amata in France, from around 200,000 to 400,000 years ago.

The Japanese site was discovered during the construction of a park. After digging through about two metres of river deposits, archaeologists found a layer of volcanic ash in which the shallow post holes were dug. Ofer Bar-Yosef, an anthropologist at Harvard University, says Japanese dating techniques using volcanic ash are usually reliable.

The holes were clearly distinct from the volcanic layer, says Kazutaka Shimada, curator of the Meiji University Museum in Tokyo. "They had well-defined edges."

Temporary accommodation

The remains could help explain how Homo erectus lived and hunted. "It's evidence that they built structures but how permanent this was we don't know," says Dr Stringer. "Who knows whether this was a shelter they stayed in for one week, or one month."

John Rick, an anthropologist at Stanford University, says that if the find is confirmed it will be interesting because it shows that hominids could conceive of using technology to organise things.

"They had the idea of actually making a structure, a place where you might sleep. It represents a conceptual division between inside and outside."

Pre-reading task: Think and answer

1) Can you match the names of these outstanding people with their contributions to the development of civil engineering?

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Can you speak about one or two of these more detailed? Can you add more names to this list?

2) There is one Russian in this list. What do you know about him?

Read text C to find out the facts about

-Shukhovv’s background

-Shukhov’s education

-Shukhov’s greatest influence

-Shukhov’s engineering career and brilliant achievements

-Shukhov’s tragedy

Text C

Vladimir Shukhov (1853 - 1939), Russia's premier engineer, was born in the small town of Graivoron in Kursk Gubernia to the family of a petty official of the Finance Ministry. Vladimir's father was frequently transferred from one place to another, so the boy went to school in Kursk, Kherson, and St. Petersburg. Nevertheless, Vladimir displayed talent early, and, still at school, he proved the theorem of Pythagoras, but his own way. The teacher was so piqued that he gave him a bad mark for "lack of modesty". Vladimir graduated from a gymnasium, which in Russia offered a broad classical education. This was a time when engineers could not only avoid narrow specialization but also combine their work with extensive knowledge of history and literature.

Vladimir learned to live independently at the age of 13, when his father moved to Warsaw, and he was left in St. Petersburg to complete his secondary education. It would have been easier for him to go on to college in St. Petersburg, but he chose to

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enter the Moscow Higher Technical School, which had a brilliant galaxy of teachers such as Nikolai Zhukovsky.

Following his graduation from college, in 1876, Snukhov set out for a one-year trip to the United States. It was in this country that he learned how to implement technical ideas with remarkable speed. At the same time, he was shocked by American disdain for fundamental science and dirty politics in that country, which provided for life, liberty and the pursuit of money. It was in the United Slates, however, that he met Alexander Bari, an entrepreneur and engineer who would play a decisive part in his future career.

After returning to Russia, Shukhov once again encountered Alexander Bari in St. Petersburg, where he had a job in the offices of the Warsaw-Vienna Railroad. Bari had a small construction company and a talent for entrepreneurship. Shukhov decided to work fur Bari and would spend his whole life up to the revolution in the Bari construction company. It must have been a difficult decision to make, particularly since Russia's leading scientists, such as Pafnuty Chebyshev. offered Shukhov to pursue a career in fundamental sciences, but Shukhov's whole life attests to the correctness of his decision. There was a price to pay for his affiliation with Bari, who tried to appropriate all the credit for Shukhov's inventions. It was more important for Shukhov, however, that Bari gave him complete freedom in choosing which contest he would participate in and his technical work.

The first stage in Shukhov's work was linked to Baku, Russia's new booming oil city, where he built Russia's first oil pipeline in 1878. In fact, his inventions, including oil refining (cracking), totally transformed the country's oil industry, with Shukhov earning the respect of such people as the Nobel brothers, who had a business in Baku. The second and more important field in which Shukhov worked was steel structures of all kinds. The most famous specimens of Shukhov's steel roofing structures surviving are in the Kiev Railroad Terminal in Moscow and in the GUM. A short summary of his 30 years' work in 1910 included 3.240 oil reservoirs barges, 21 grain elevators, and 417 railroad brides. Shukhov was not indifferent to contemporary military and political events, and in 1906 he even published an article on the battle of Tsushima. Russia's terrible naval defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, where he insisted that technically Russia's squadron was superior to the Japanese navy. When World War I broke out, he designed more than 40 new types of floating mines and fulfilled other military orders.

While most brilliant Russian engineers such as Sikorsky, Yurkevich and many others, left Russia during and after the revolution, Shukhov somehow managed to gain the respect of the Communist leadership, and continued his outstanding work in

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the 1920s and even 1930s. He built the Shabolovka TV tower, which was Moscow's highest until Ostankino was erected, and was involved in the major industrial construction projects of the five-year plans. Some notes made by Shukhov in this period offer us a glimpse of these grim times: 'I am growing weary of meetings.... Resolutions are issued, but there is no one to do the work.... There is haste, and they do not let me work in peace..." Shukhov met a strange death; his relatives heard a scream in the night and rushed into his study to find him on fire. He died six days later of burns, suffering terribly all the time. Perhaps it was his way of protesting against the Great Terror, which spared people of no protection and had just passed itspeak in1939.

Pre-reading task: Think and answer.

1)Do you like going to museums or exhibitions? Why?

2)When did you last go to the museum or exhibition? Tell about it in brief.

Read the advert (text D) and find out the following information:

-its exhibits;

-its location;

-its historic background;

-its purpose.

Can you answer the questions in this advert?

Act out a dialogue planning a visit to this exhibition.

Text D

Within the Framework of the International Forestry Forum

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8th International Specialized Exhibition W O O D E N CONSTRUCTION

Technologies, equipment, constructions and materials, wood preservatives

04–06 October 2013 St. Petersburg, Russia Lenexpo Fairgrounds in Gavan

Today the most attention is paid to a comfort and convenient life environment. This need can be efficiently achieved due to the surrounded area integrated development and environment friendly construction of wooden housing which meets all the modern world standards.

The exhibition Wooden Construction demonstrates advanced technologies and developments, building and finishing materials and structures.

1.What technologies and materials are the most popular today?

2.Which houses are considered to be the most popular – Russian or foreign?

3.What is the level of competitiveness in the market of wooden housing to-

day?

Look for the answers of the questions at the Wooden Construction 2013 Exhibition!

During its history the Exhibition has become a real link between forestry representatives, construction companies and furniture industry representatives, architect bureau and private customers. The event will be held within the framework of St. Petersburg International Forestry Forum that provides all the participants with an opportunity to present their products to extended business societies and establish profitable business relations.

Participation in the Wooden Construction Exhibition is an effective solution for such issues as:

Raising awareness of the company

Attracting potential consumers

Strengthening relations with existing partners

Defining new potential markets

Defining the company status in the competitive environment

Defining the market state and demands

Traditionally, the International Specialized Exhibition Wooden Construction gives an opportunity to meet partners, clients and other players of the market!

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You will have an opportunity to meet you potential consumer face to face!

We invite you to become participants and partners of the 8th International Specialised Exhibition Wooden Construction 2013!

Video Section

There are a number of video from YouTube available for you to watch and discussed as a class. You may choose from the list below. Ask your teacher for extra activities.

-Consrtuction History of Disneyland

-The History of the London Undeground

-Mughal Warriors – Taj Mahal construction, specification and history

Watch Famous Historic Building & World Heritage Sites Video and make your own commentary to it

Translation Section

Translate text Einto English and entitle it.

Text E

В прошлые века люди предпочитали жить в деревянных домах, считая, что жить в них здоровее. Русские дома назывались избами. Изба - это русское срубное жилище, преимущественно сельское, а до 17-18 веков оно было и городским. Сруб - деревянное сооружение без пола, перекрытий, лестниц, дверей и оконных рам, возведенное из горизонтально уложенных бревен или брусьев.

Было много типов изб. Тип зависел от количества внутренних стен, от способа отопления, расположения двора и т.д.

Для каждого члена семьи строили отдельный дом, иногда под общей кровлей, иногда соединяя их переходами. Одной из причин было то, что при таком устройстве наследникам было удобнее делить наследство между собой или перенести свою долю на новое место. Основным строительным материалом были сосновые бревна.

Для северной и центральной полосы характерна высокая изба с нижним этажом дома под двускатной кровлей, расположенная перпендикулярно улице. Второй этаж был жилым. В нем могло быть от одной до трех комнат, иногда и кухня. Люди богатые, часто приглашавшие гостей, строили для парадных обе-

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