Введение в специальность СТ_doc
.pdfВ таблице приведены примеры других приставок, использующихся в английском языке.
при- |
значение |
|
примеры |
|
auto- |
самостоя- |
autograph auto-pilot autobiography |
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bi- |
дважды |
|
bicycle |
bilateral biannual bilingual |
ex- |
из |
|
extract |
exhale excommunicate |
micro- |
маленький |
micro-cassette microwave microscopic |
||
mis- |
пло- |
|
misunderstand mistranslate misinform |
|
mono- |
один/единстве |
monotonous monologue monogamous |
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multi- |
много |
|
multi-national multi-purpose multi-media |
|
over- |
слишком |
|
overdo |
overtired oversleep overeat |
post- |
после |
|
postwar postgraduate post-impressionist |
|
pre- |
до |
|
preconceived pre-war pre-judge |
|
pro- |
в пользу |
|
pro-government pro-revolutionary |
|
re- |
снова |
или |
retype |
reread replace rewind |
semi- |
половина |
|
semicircular semi-final semi-detached |
|
sub- |
под |
|
subway |
submarine subdivision |
under- |
недостаточ- |
underworked underused undercooked |
||
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|
Суффиксы
Суффиксы существительных
-er, -or используются для названия человека, который выполняет какуюлибо деятельность или для обозначения приспособлений, при помощи которых выполняется какая-либо работа например: writer,worker,operator, supervisor.
pencil-sharpener,projector.
-er и -ee – могут быть противоположными по значению, означая человека, который делает что-либо сам (-er) и человека, который испытывает на себе какое-либо действие (-ee):employer/employee,sender/addressee.
-(t)ion/-sion/-ion используются для образования существительных из гла-
голов, например: complication pollution reduction alteration donation promotion admission
- -ism используется для выражения политических и идеологических убе-
ждений, например:Buddhism, journalism,Marxism.
-ist часто используется для обозначения иногда для обозначения профес-
сий, рода занятий, например: typist,physicist,terrorist,pianist.
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-ness используется для образования существительных из прилагательных,
например, goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, happiness, sadness, weakness. Прила-
гательные, заканчивающиеся на –y имеют–i- между корнем и суффиксом.
-ment, например,excitement,enjoyment, replacement. -ity, например, flexibility, productivity, scarcity. -hood, например,childhood,motherhood.
-ship, например,friendship,partnership,membership.
Суффиксы прилагательных
-able/-ible – имеют значение возможности совершения действия, обозна-
чаемого глаголом, например,drinkable,washable, readable. -ive, например,passive,productive,active.
-al, например, brutal,legal.
-ous, например,delicious,outrageous,furious. -ful, например,forgetful,hopeful,useful. -less, например, useless,harmless,homeless.
Суффиксыглаголов
-ise (или -ize) образуют глаголы от прилагательных, например: modernize,commercialise,industrialise.
-ify, например,beautify,purify,terrify.
-en, например,strengthen.
*One way to remember your growing technical vocabulary is to group words into sets, for example word families or word partners, words which go together.
Exercise 1. Fill in the missing words.
Verb Noun (subjects, Adjective
people, job, things)
|
adaptable |
adjust |
- |
|
application |
|
calculation |
construct |
|
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|
consumer |
|
|
|
convertible |
|
depth |
|
develop |
|
- |
|
diagnostics |
|
distribute |
|
|
- |
|
electrical |
- |
electronics |
|
estimate |
|
|
|
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hazardous |
|
information |
|
inspect |
|
- |
install |
|
- |
|
lubricant |
|
|
|
magnetic |
maintain |
|
- |
|
|
mechanical |
perform |
|
- |
produce |
|
|
|
regulation |
- |
resist |
|
|
qualify |
|
- |
|
|
safe |
|
separator |
|
specialize |
|
- |
|
storage |
|
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- |
technical |
|
tester |
|
transportation |
vaporize |
|
|
width |
Exercise 2. Each of these words is used with energy. Separate them into words which go before and words which come after energy.
change, chemical, conservation, conversion, electrical, heat, mechanical, nuclear, potential, solar
Exercise 3. Read the texts. Fill in the spaces using a suitable form of the given words.
Text A
Bamboo expert Jules Janssen is fond of the plant. Janssen is |
1. botany |
||
not a (1) _____ but a civil engineer. He works in a basement lab |
2. |
techno- |
|
at the Eindhoven University of (2) _____ in Holland. While his |
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logical |
|
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colleagues are engaged in the finer points of better bridges and |
3. think |
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faster freeways, he gives (3) _____ to the pleasing practicalities of |
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|
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bamboo houses. Janssen believes that for building (4) _____ |
4. afford |
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housing in tropical countries, bamboo is usually best. It is stronger |
5. |
com- |
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than wood and brick, and concrete. Consider the (5) _____ test. |
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press |
|
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Compared with, say, concrete, bamboo can withstand twice as |
6. contrast |
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much force bearing down on it. A short, straight column of bam- |
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boo with a top surface area of 10 square centimetres could support |
7. tradition |
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an 11,000-pound elephant. In this regard, bamboo is as strong as |
8. govern |
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steel. This is not to say that no one ever builds with bamboo. On |
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|
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the (6) _____ : countries as geographically and culturally distinct |
9. large |
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as New Guinea, Columbia, and Thailand have built (7) _____ |
10. consult |
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bamboo structures for centuries. But these are village-scale. Large |
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(8) _____-funded, bureaucracy-approved projects have been re- |
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luctant to embrace bamboo – until now, thanks (9) _____ to the efforts of Janssen and a group of international bamboo experts and enthusiasts. Since 1947, when aid workers in South Asia approached the Eindhoven University for advice on how to construct bamboo school roof, Janssen has volunteered his services as a (10) _____ to tropical countries seeking information on cultivating and building with bamboo. The largest of these efforts has been the National Bamboo Project in Costa Rica.
Text B
Dear Sir or Madam, |
|
|
I read your (1) _____ in the International Business maga- |
1. adver- |
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zine and I am writing for more information concerning entry (2) |
tise |
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_____ for the course in the English Language. |
2. require |
|
|
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Could you tell me what language (3) _____ are required? I |
3. qualify |
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do not possess the First Certificate and would like to know if (4) |
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4. accept |
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_____ on the course depends on having the FCE? |
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In fact, as I am a (5) _____ for the international oil com- |
5. account |
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|
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pany I would be interested in a course which focuses on language |
6. develop |
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(6) _____ for both social and (7) _____ purposes. |
7. busy |
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I would also like to know the (8) _____ from the college to |
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8. distant |
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London and if (9) _____ at all classes is obligatory, or whether an |
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9. attend |
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occasional (10) for the purpose of travel be acceptable. |
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I look forward to hearing from you. |
10. absent |
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Yours faithfully, |
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|
Marcus Fernandez |
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