Введение в специальность СТ_doc

vented lawmakers from settling on a plan to create transportation routes linking the airport to downtown Montreal.

In February 2006, the Montreal Airports Authority announced a deal with two French developers to turn Montreal-Mirabel into a massive space-and-water-themed amusement park. The first of three renovations is expected to cost $100 million.

Sagrada Familia

The Sagrada Familia, or the Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family, is a cathedral located in central Barcelona, designed by legendary architect Antoni Gaudi. Construction began on March 19, 1882, and continued until Gaudi was hit by a streetcar and killed in 1926. At that time, only 15 percent of the building was completed. It's still not finished.

Construction has been halted frequently because of lack of funding, with donations providing a lot of the necessary financing. In recent years more moneyhas poured in, and the church has benefited from its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The sheer scope and ambition of the project have also made work proceed slowly, and some original plans and models were destroyed during the Spanish Civil War. Sagrada Familia is a gorgeous cathedral, with delicately shaped spires rising high into the sky. The structure is filled with tremendously detailed carvings, sculptures, friezes and other ornamentation.

Construction is scheduled to be completed in 2026, and despite ongoing work, Sagrada Familia remains Spain's most popular monument. However, 400 prominent Spanish artists and intellectuals released a statement in December 2008 saying that construction should stop. They argued that the building no longer matches Gaudi's artistic vision and has been compromised in the name of tourism. But defenders of the ongoing construction say that Sagrada Familia is great precisely because it's a collective work, clearly bearing Gaudi's imprimatur but also featuring contributions from workers and artists over many decades.

Millennium Dome

Perhaps as close as one gets to a literal white elephant, this white, domed behemoth, built to house a celebration for the new millennium, has become an embarrassing eyesore for many Londoners. The Millennium Dome has been controversial ever since its inception in the mid-1990s.

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Costs rose throughout the planning and construction phases, with the British government regularly dispersing more money to the dome's builders. In the end, the dome cost $1.1 billion to build.

Ticket sales for the attractions were far below expectations. The New Millennium Experience Company, the dome's operator, only made $275 million in revenues. There were accusations of fraud by vendors and suppliers. A band of thieves even attempted to steal a 203-caratdiamond on display.

The dome was only open for a year, closing on Dec. 31, 2000 -- just before the start of the new millennium. In 2001, maintenance costs were $41.3 million. The following year, monthly maintenance alone clocked in at $363,950.

For a time, it was unclear what the dome's post-celebration role would be, or if it would just be an ugly reminder of hundreds of millions of pounds wasted. Eventually the naming rights to the dome were sold to mobile phone company O2. On July 24, 2007, the dome reopened under the name the O2 Arena after Anschutz Entertainment, the venue's new owners, spent 600 $1.2 billion to renovate the site, adding a 20,000-seat concert arena. It's now used to host concerts, sporting events, traveling exhibitions and a movie multiplex.

Channel Tunnel

The Chunnel, or theChannel Tunnel, is a trio of 31-mile (50-kilometer) long tunnels underneath the English Channel, connecting the United Kingdomand France. When finished in 1994, the Chunnel's $21 billion cost made it the most expensive construction project in history. Construction involved 13,000 engineers and workers, 250,000 engineering drawings and, sadly, 10 deaths.

Building the Chunnel took six years, but plans for constructing some sort of underwater tunnel spanning the English Channel dated back to 1802, with many false starts along the way. Several pilot tunnels, some thousands of feet long, were dug in the late 19th century. In the 20th century, it took the British and French governments decades to finalize plans for construction. The project was canceled more than once but finally came together in the late 1980s.

Besides a few incidents of fires, the Chunnel has been largely successful, providing a popular method of transport for people and freight between the United Kingdom and France. But the project's initial cost was severe, and it continues to exact a heavy financial toll. In early 2009, a new rail link connecting London to the British

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side of the Chunnel opened. It cost $13.8 billion -- the most expensive individual construction effort in the country's history.

(by Jacob Silverman)

Video Section

There is a news report from YouTube available for you to watch and discussed as a class. Ask your teacher for extra activities.

The Fight for Historical Buildings in Moscow

Translation Section

Translate text Einto English and entitle it.

Text E

Эксперты подсчитали, сколько могут стоить крупнейшие исторические памятники

Эйфелева башня Эйфелеву башню признали самой дорогой архитектурной достопримеча-

тельностью Европы, оценив главный символ Франции в €434 млрд, сообщает газета The Local со ссылкой на исследование веб-сайта Lavieimmo. Как посчитали эксперты, парижская башня в 6 раз дороже римского Колизея. Согласно исследованию стоимость Эйфелевой башни эквивалентна 25% ВВП Франции.

Вслед за ней в рейтинге идет Колизей, который эксперты оценили в €91 млрд. Третье место занял знаменитый проект Антонио Гауди Sagrada Familia в Барселоне, который так и не был достроен при жизни архитектора, и строительство которого продолжается на пожертвования по сей день. Исследователи пришли к выводу, что его цена составляет €90 млрд.

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Кроме Эйфелевой башни, Колизея и собора Святого семейства в десятку рейтинга попали Миланский собор (€82 млрд), лондонский Тауэр (€70,5 млрд), мадридский музей Прадо (€59 млрд) и английский Стоунхендж (€10,5 млрд).

Кроме европейских памятников архитектуры специалисты решили оценить и американский Белый дом: официальной резиденции президента США эксперты дали цену в €81 млрд. А вотМосковский Кремль в список дорогих европейских монументов не попал.

Module III Vocabulary List

Grammar Section

I. The Passive Voice

*We use the Passive to talk about the process and about how things are made: = subject + to be ( in correct tense) + past participle(3rd form of the verb)

Study these examples:

Visits are organized by prior arrangement.

The earliest standards were established in order to facilitatecommerce.

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The spread of metrication has been met with both support and opposition in the last two centuries.

Those noncompliantwith standards will be prosecuted by law. * Modal verbs are followed by be and past participle:

All measurements have to be checked.

The result of a measurement can be compared to the previous one. Exercise 1.

a) Transform these sentences from active into passive. Begin with the word in bold.

1.We enclose our brochures with letters.

2.A magnetometer measures magnetic fields and an instrument called a gas chromatograph can analyze gas.

3.Technicians installed and calibrated specialist equipment at a refinery.

4.They applied different modern measurement techniques to this experiment.

5.Engineers produced designs on paper, now they do it on computer.

6.They have taken photographs from planes and satellites.

b)Convert these signs into a written warning using the Passive.

Example: Check fire alarms weekly. – Fire alarms must be checked weekly.

1.Do not use mobile phones!

2.Wear eye protection.

3.Do not remove this extinguisher!

4.Switch off this machine before servicing.

5.Clean up your working place before you leave.

6.Do not unload vehicles here!

Exercise 2. Read the texts. Put the verbs in the correct Passive form. Text 1

I’m a technician for Specialist Plastics Limited. My company makes special polymers – plastics – and I work in the test department.

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We test all of our material for strength. They (1. bend) _____ in the bend test. They (2. pull) _____ in the tensile test. They are (3. hit) _____ with a hammer in the impact test. We need to see how easily they break. Plastics (4. test)

_____ at different temperatures and also with different chemicals. We need to understand how chemicals might change our materials. For example, when some of our plastics (5. put) _____ in sea water, they become weak. We also have to burn them because toxic chemicals (6. make) _____ when they burn. We need to know that.

Plastics (7. supply) _____for larger plastics manufactures. They (8. use)

_____ in so many ways as products for other industries such as aerospace, oil and gas, and building and domestic appliance companies. And most of them (9. make)

_____ from petroleum. It’s amazing.

This morning I tested special resins used with carbon fibre to make aircraft wings. This kind of product has to (10. test) _____ very carefully because the quality must be very high.

Text 2

The Great Pyramid o f Giza (1. design) _____ as a tomb for an Egyptian Pharaoh. Many people think it (2. construct) _____ using slave labour, but we have no real evidence of this. The pyramid has changed over the years. For example, it (3.)

_____ originally (cover)_____ in casing stones, but these (4. remove) _____ by later generations. The pyramid contains at least three chambers. The lowest is under the pyramid and (5. cut) _____ into the rock. It (6.) _____ never (finish) _____ . The other chambers (7. build) _____ into the pyramid itself.

II. -ing form and to infinitive

* We use the –ing form after prepositions and after certain verbs, for example:

admit, avoid, carry on, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, give up, involve, keep (on), postpone, practice, stop, succeed, suggest.

Study these examples:

Students should consider doing a computer course.

The course involves learning about the manipulation of digital images.

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She succeeded in finding a post as a Metrology Engineer. * We use the to infinitive after certain verbs, for example:

agree, aim, afford, attempt, choose, decide, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, offer, prepare, promise, propose, want.

Study these examples:

The planners agreed to make the proposed changes. She wanted to leave college.

He hopes to get a qualification.

* With some verbs, we can use both the –ing form and the to infinitive with little change of meaning, for example:

begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, start. Study these examples:

We continue practicing our communication skills throughout the course. We continue to practice our communication skills throughout the course.

Exercise 1. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verbs (the –ing form and the to infinitive) in brackets.

1.I didn’t enjoy _____ (study) very much.

2.But I was always good at _____ (work) with my hand. I enjoyed _____

(work) on motorbike engines.

3.I learned _____ (repair) electrical equipment with my father’s help.

4.He suggested _____ (take) a course at college.

5.But I wanted _____ (start) work as soon as possible after school.

6.I decided _____ (apply) for an apprenticeship with a local company.

Exercise 2. Use the correct forms of the verbs (the –ing form and the to infinitive) to complete the gaps in these sentences about jobs in technology.

become, connect, cut, design, do, maintain, make, manufacture, measure, repair, transfer, turn

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1.Maintenance Technician are responsible for _____ and _____ equipment in a factory.

2.Estimators calculate the cost of _____ and _____ a product.

3.Research Engineers find new and better ways of _____ things.

4.Fitters are responsible for _____ new equipment to the network.

5.Design Engineers aim _____ ideas into plans.

6.Control Engineers attempt _____ and regulate all the variables in a sys-

tem.

7.Production Engineers plan _____things in the most efficient way.

8.They look at ways _____ production costs.

9.Some Engineers decide _____ to marketing.

10.Others choose _____ managers.

III. Participle

* We use the –ing form (adjectives, participles present) to talk about the situation, thing or person that makes us feel interested or excited, etc.

That lecture was very interesting.

Materials Science is an exciting discipline.

* We can use past participles to say how people feel about something.

I’m very interested in science.

I was so excited that I couldn’t sleep

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences. Use one of the adjectives.

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surprisetir- embarrass-

1.You look _____ . Have you had a busy day?

2.Are you _____ in museums? I’m going to the National Museum this afternoon – do you want to come?

3.I spent four hours going round the museum. – Was it _____?

No,it was _____.

4.I failed myexam. I worked reallyhard for it. I’m so _____ .

5.My computer’s broken, and I don’t understand the manual. It’s so _____ .

6.Our financial situation is very _____ . We spend more and more, but we’re earning less and less.

7.The lecture was so _____ that I fell asleep.

8.Were your parents _____ when you told them your exam results? – They were furious.

9.I’m going on three-month Work and Travel holiday to the States. – How

_____! Lucky you!

10.The scientists were _____ with the results of their experiments.

11.“I came across several extremely _____ sites”, said he. – “Which ones?” she asked in an _____ voice.

12.He started to tell a joke about the director when the director came into he room. It was very _____ .

Exercise 2. Choose the correct form of the participle. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Russia has become one of the most (industrializing, industrialized) countries of the world.

2.The main things (producing, produced) at this enterprise are computers.

3.(Knowing, known) theoretical subjects the students can experiment at the laboratory.

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4.These firms are using methods (working, worked) out experimentally.

5.(Referring, referred) to these data they were not sure in their accuracy.

6.(Giving, given) that explanation the teacher pointed to the diagram.

7.The (giving, given) explanation was not complete.

8.We are (discussing, discussed) the article (writing, written) by our Pro-

fessor.

9.(Being, been) very pleased with the student’s answer the teacher didn’t ask him any more questions.

10.All the specialists (working, worked) abroad must know foreign lan-

guages.

11.While (unloading, unloaded) the equipment we found a few (breaking, broken) cases.

12.When (obtaining, obtained) the data showed the accuracy of our meas-

urements.

Word Power

Значениеаффиксовванглийском языке Приставки

Приставки часто используются, чтобы придать прилагательному отрицательное или противоположное значение.

•in-, im- становятся перед корнями, начинающимися с 'm' или 'p', e.g. immature, impatient, impartial, improbable. Подобным образом ir- становится перед словом, начинающимся с 'r', и il- перед словом, начинающимся с '1',

например: irreplaceable, irreversible,illegal, illegible, illiterate.

•Приставка in- (и ее вариации) не всегда имеет отрицательное значение – зачастую она выражает идею чего-то внутри, действия, направленного внутрь, например: internal,import, insert, income.

Приставки un- и dis- могут также образовывать глаголы с противоположным значением, например: tie/untie, appear/disappear. Они используются, чтобы образовать глаголы со значением «обратного» действия. Вот несколько приме-

ров: disagree, disconnect, dislike,disprove, disqualify, unbend, undo, undress, un- fold, unload, unlock.

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