2. Grammar
2.1. Word order
We don’t think much about the word order in our native language. But we follow it in the English language.
The scheme of every English affirmative sentence is: subject + predicate.
e.g. I like jazz. He is busy. My friends and I walk in the park every Sunday.
|
Compare: | |
|
English |
Ukrainian |
|
Some fruit trees grow in our garden.
|
У нашому садочку ростуть фруктові дерева. Або: Ростуть фруктові дерева у нашому садочку . Або: Дерева фруктові ростуть у садочку нашому. |
2.2. Vocabulary
The English language has the same parts of speech as the Ukrainian one. But the English verbs, nouns and adjectives don’t inflect. The right word order and the usage of prepositions help to understand the sence of any sentence.
Learn as many English words as possible and follow the correct word order. Then you will speak to foreigners and they will understand you.
2.3. Types of sentences
• Imperative: Stand up!
Don’t stand up!
Affirmative: I like dogs. The weather is fine today. We can be friends.
Interrogative / Questions: Do you like dogs? Is the weather fine today? Can we be friends?
Negative: I don’t like big dogs. The weather isn’t cold. We can’t be enemies.
Help:
Scheme –схема
Subject - підмет
Predicate – присудок
Speech – мова
Inflect – змінювати закінчення, відмінювати
Make up - складати
Imperative - наказовий
Affirmative – стверджувальний
Interrogative - питальний
Compare – порівняти
Easy – легкий
Guess – здогадатися
Meaning – значення
2.4. Auxiliary verbs
In the Ukrainian language, questions are formed with the help of intonation. English questions and negative sentences are formed with the help of auxiliary verbs: forms of a verb to be, modal verbs, to do, etc. Study the examples:
a). To be ( бути, знаходитись) – its forms in the Present tense are am, is, are.
+ I am happy. He/ She/ It is happy. You/ We/ They are happy.
? Am I happy? Is he happy? Are you happy? - Yes, I am / No, I am not.
- I am not (I aren’t) late. He is not (isn’t) late. We are not (aren’t) late.
b). Modal verbs: can (could), may (might), must (had to), will (would), shall (should) etc.
Modal verbs do not take a suffix (-s, -ing or –ed).
+ I can play the guitar. (He can play the guitar.)
? Can you play the piano? – Yes, I can. / No, I cannot (can’t.)
- I can’t play the piano.
Or: You must listen to me. (Must I do it? – Yes, you must / No, you mustn’t.)
Or: You may stay here. (May I do it? – Yes, you may. But: No, you mustn’t.)
c). If there is neither form of the verb to be or a modal verb, do (does in present simple, the third person singular after the pronouns he, she, it) is used to make up a question or a negative sentence.
+ I want to call you later.
? Do you want to call me later? – Yes, I do. / No, I do not ( don’t.)
- I don’t want to call you. OR:
+ He wants to see you.
? Does he want to see me? – Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
- He doesn’t want to see you.
Practice – Grammar in use
Task 1: Make up interrogative and negative sentences.
e.g. He is buzy. Is he buzy? He is not (isn’t) buzy.
She is beautiful. Bill lives in Germany. It is a great day for a walk. Nicole is married.
He tells the truth. We play tennis every Saturday. I can do it myself.
Task 2: Make up sentences.
e.g.: every, water, day, drink, I, much – I drink much water every day.
flat, in, parents, a, my, live, big
drink, Jane, doesn’t, coffee
great, about, plans, I, future, have, my
to, go, by, work, you, do, car, ?
doesn’t, much, he, time, have
temper, can, my, I, control
to, kind, is, animals, he?
have, he, manners, doesn’t, good