Vocabulary bank
There are a lot of synonyms in the English language. Read some examples.
Dismiss (verb): discharge, cashier, sack, fire, bounce, drop.
Serious (agjective): grave, solemn, sedate, staid, sober, earnest.
Small (adjective): little, diminutive, petite, wee, tiny, teeny, weeny, minute, microscopic, miniature (compare with antonyms: big, great, large, vast, huge, immense, enormous, gigantic, colossal, mammoth, elephantine, titanic, Cyclopean, Gargantuan.)
Work (noun): job, toil, grind, calling, pursuit, metier, performance, exertion, occupation, labour, accomplishment, travail, drudgery, opus, production, employment, effort, business.
G
rammar
Revision: Translate and write three forms of irregular verbs
Beat, begin, lose, meet, pay, blow, ride, burst, seek, sew, cost, shake, deal, feed, freeze, smell, split, hang, stick, hurt, lend, throw, understand, forgive, throw, wake, draw, lead, shoot, swear.
2.1. Future Tenses – future overview
Study grammar references first then a table below.
The ways to express actions in the future:
Future Simple;
Be going;
Present Simple (used for programmes and timetables);
Present Continuous ( used as arranged actions for the near future);
Future Continuous;
Future Perfect;
Future Perfect-Continuous.
We have already studied the situations to express future actions in the present simple and present continuous. Compare the examples.
The concert starts at 7 o’clock tomorrow evening.
The bus leaves in ten minutes.
The language course finishes in May.
He is flying to Rome in an hour.
I am meeting Boris tonight.
I’m buying that car, I have arranged it.
We are having a party with our groupmates on Friday.
2.2. Future Simple (will) and be going to express future actions.
Study the sentences:
a) Future simple
+ I (He, She, It, We, You, They) will phone you. / I’ll phone you.
? Will you phone me? – Yes, I will. No, I will not / No, I won’t.
- I won’t phone you.
Scheme: will +bare infinitive (where ‘will’ is used for all persons.)
b) be going to
+ I am going to drive to Lviv.
? Are you going to do it? – Yes, I am.
- I am not going to drive anywhere.
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Note: In colloquial speech ‘be going to’ is used more often than Future simple because we usually speak about our plans / ambitions for the future. |
Revision 1: Study the situations when the future simple tense and be going to are used. Read attentively the blocks of examples and explanations to them.
a) - I think you will be rich (a prediction about the future, which is not exact. It is based on what we think, believe, imagine.)
- I’m sure life will be better in fifty years.
- Perhaps I will do it. / I’m afraid I won’t do it.
b) - Look at the tree. It is going to fall down (a prediction which is evident. It is based on what we can see or what we know.)
- Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
- He is going to rescue the boy.
- She is going to jump out of the plane.
- He is going to throw the ball.
c) - He will be thirty in February (it will happen in the future in any case, without our control.)
- The temperature will reach 40 degrees C tomorrow.
- She’ll be twenty next month.
d) – I promise I will do it (in promises.)
- I’ll bring this book to you.
- Don’t worry. I’ll get a good job.
e) - I’ll take this piece of meat (on the spot decision - made at the time of speaking.)
- ‘There is no butter for cookies.’ – ‘I will go to the shop and buy it.’
f) - Stop or I’ll shoot (in threats or warnings.)
- Give it back to me or I’ll cry.
- Can’t you understand it? I’ll show how to do it (in offers.)
- I hope you will help me (in hopes.)
g) - I’m going to become a famous singer one day (for plans, intentions and ambitions we have about the near future.)
- She is going to fly to Paris (she has already decided to do it but she has not arranged the time and she hasn’t bought tickets.)
Compare: Peter is going to drive to London tomorrow morning (he has decided to do it.)
Peter is driving to London tomorrow morning (he has arranged everything before.)
OR: They are going to get married in August (a planned action for the near future.)
They are getting married in August (an arranged action for the near future.)
- I’m going to have a party next week (plan / intention.) I’ll invite all my friends. I will think of great programme (some details are added.) – Oh, It’ll be great! (Some comments are given.)
Read and translate some conditional sentences:
I will call you before I leave for Prague.
She will go to school when she is five years old.
I’ll go to the theatre if I get a ticket.
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Note: After the words “I don’t know; I doubt; I wonder” future forms are always used: e.g. I wonder if he will be appointed to the post or not. ‘Shall’ is used as a modal verb in questions before ‘I/we’ to make an offer, suggestion or to ask for instruction. e.g. Shall I/we wait for you? Shall I read? Shall we go? ‘Will’ is used as a modal verb in questions before other persons to make a request. e.g. Will you wait for me, please? ‘Will you pay the bills?’ – ‘Yes, I will.’ |
Revision 2:
We use the future simple, be going to, present continuous or present simple to talk about future actions.
Compare the following examples.
We’ll visit Disney World some day.
(WILL: the future action may or may not happen.)
They are going to move a new flat.
(BE GOING TO: plans / intentions about the near future: they have already decided to do it, but it hasn’t been arranged yet.)
They are moving a new flat next Friday.
(PRESENT CONTINUOUS: they have already decided and arranged to do it; an arranged action for the near future.)
The bus leaves at nine o’clock a.m.
(PRESENT SIMPLE: for timetables)
Practice –Grammar in use
Task 1: Complete short conversations using shall (in questions) or will.
1. ‘The shops are closed tomorrow.’ – ‘I _______ buy a cake today then.’
2. ‘________ we tell the truth to Bob?’ – ‘That’s a good idea. Maybe he can help.’
3. ‘It’s too dark in here to read.’ – ‘Is it? I _______ turn on the light.’
4. ‘Please, come and see us on Sunday.’ – ‘I _______ visit you. That’s a promise.’
5. ‘______ I wear a sweater or a coat?’ – ‘It’s very cold. Put a coat on.’
Task 2: Dr Brown is the head of the politics department at a small college.
a). Look at the calendar which shows his arrangements for the next few months and then make up sentences, as in the example.
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June 17th |
• have a meeting with other lecturers in the department |
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July 5th 27th |
fly to New York for a conference; finish writing article for Politics Today magazine |
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August 20th |
• leave for climbing holiday in the Crimea |
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September 12th |
• host dinner party to welcome new students |
E.g.
Dr Brown is having a meeting with the other lecturers in the
department on June 17th.
b). Now make up your own calendar for the next few weeks / months, and comment on it.
Task 3: Complete the conversations using will or be going to.
1. A: Did you remember to bring my book?
B: Oh no, sorry. I promise, I _________ give it to you tomorrow.
2. A: We haven't got any bread.
B: OK, I _________ go and get a loaf.
3. A: It's very cold today, isn't it?
B: Exactly, I think it _________ snow.
4. A: It seems to me I can be free by the end of the week.
B: Oh, excellent, I _________ see you on Friday then.
5. A: I don't want to miss the beginning of the play.
B: It's OK. If we leave now, we _________ be there on time.
6. A: Watch out! You _________ burn yourself.
B: Oh, I didn't realise the oven was still on.
7. A: Is Sue driving into town?
B: Yes, I'm sure she _________ give you a lift if you ask her.