M u s t

Модальный глагол и его эквивалент	Present	Past	Future
must	must	-----	----
to have to to be to	have to has to am is able to are	had to was were able to	will have to -----

Значения модального глагола must

1. Обязательство, необходимость.

Eg.: We must do the work in time.

Мы должны выполнить работу вовремя.

Отсутствие необходимости выражается при помощи глагола needn’t.

Eg.: Must I do it? – No you needn’t.

Я должен это сделать? – Нет, не надо.

2. Приказание, настойчивая просьба.

Eg.: You must do it at once. Ты должен сделать это немедленно.

3. Запрет. В данном значении глагол употребляется в отрицательной форме.

Eg.: You mustn’t talk to him like that!

Ты не должен так с ним разговаривать!

4. Предположение, граничащее с уверенностью. На русский язык перевод такого предложения начинается со слов “Должно быть…”, “Вероятно …”.

Время совершения действия зависит от формы инфинитива смыслового глагола после must.

a. Если действие носит постоянный характер или относится к будущему, употребляется простая форма инфинитива (must+V_I).

Eg.: He must be very talented.

Должно быть, он очень талантлив.

She must become a good specialist.

Вероятно, она станет хорошим специалистом.

b. Если действие относится кданному моменту, используется продолженная форма инфинитива (must+be V-ing).

Eg.: They must be having dinner.

Должно быть, они обедают.

c. Если действие относится к прошлому и имеет завершенный характер, используется перфектная форма инфинитива (must+have V_III).

Eg.: She must have already seen the film.

Должно быть, она уже видела этот фильм

d. Если действие относится к прошлому но имеет незавершенный характер, используется перфектно-продолженная форма инфинитива (must+have been V ing).

Eg.: He must have been listening to our talk.

Должно быть, он слушал нашу беседу.

Модальные выражения to have to, to be to

To have to – выражает обязательство или необходимость, вызванные сложившимися обстоятельствами (в отличие от глагола must, когда говорящий выражает свое отношение, то есть сам считает действие необходимым). На русский язык часто переводится словами “вынужден”, “приходится”.

Eg.: It was late and we had to get home on foot.

Было поздно, и нам пришлось добираться домой пешком.

We have to stay at home because it is raining.

Мы вынуждены сидеть дома, потому что идет дождь.

He will have to buy a new pen as he has lost his old one.

Ему придется купить новую ручку, так как старую он потерял.

To have to является единственным модальным глаголом, который не является вспомогательным при образовании вопросительных и отрицательных предложений. Он требует вспомогательных глаголов do/does в настоящем времени и did – в прошедшем.

Eg.: Do you have to do it? Ты вынужден это делать?

He didn’t have to do it. Ему не пришлось это делать.

To be to – выражает:

1. Договоренность согласно плана.

Eg.: We are to take three exams in winter.

Мы должны сдавать три экзамена зимой.

She was to come but she didn’t.

Она должна была прийти, но не пришла.

2. Строгое распоряжение.

Eg.: You are to leave everything as it is!

Ты должен оставить все, как есть!

У П Р А Ж Н Е Н И Я

Упр. 19. Прочитайте предложения, объясните значения модальных глаголов must, to have to, to be to. Переведите на русский язык.

A.

1. We must study well. People must obey laws. You must help your friends.

2. You must come to the meeting. You must re-write the test. You must clean the blackboard.

3. You mustn’t smoke in the classroom. You mustn’t be late for the classes. We mustn’t talk at the lesson.

4. He must be at home now. They must remember the address. You must know the rules. The students must have a test tomorrow. It must snow soon. He must come in a minute. She must be having dinner. My parents must be working. It must be raining. You must have understood everything. She must have bought everything herself. I must have fallen ill. She must have been sleeping well. It must have been raining. My sister must have been reading a lot.

5. I have to go there on foot. He had to stay at home. You will have to explain your behaviour.

6. We are to take the exams in June. They were to change their plans. You are to study better.

B.

1. I must go and lay the table myself. 2. Where is Susan? – She must be late. She must be talking with her chief. 3. You will have to do it yourself. Nobody can help you. 4. Must I clean the blackboard? – Yes, you must. 5. You have to come again as you haven’t brought what you were to bring. 6. Children mustn’t play in the street. 7. May I translate the text at home? – No, you must do it in class. 8. He had to change the boots after working in the garden. 9. He must have forgotten to do it. 10. We are to write a test on Monday. 11. He must be a good sportsman. 12. I have to speak to her about it. 13. May I play in the room? – No, you mustn’t, your little sister is sleeping. 14. He must be sleeping and doesn’t hear the ring. 15. She must finish the work soon.

Упр. 20. Перифразируйте предложения, выражая уверенность.

Model:

Probably, he is in the yard.

He must be in the yard.

No doubt, it is raining outside.

It must be raining outside.

Of course, he forgot everything.

He must have forgotten everything.

1. I am sure she is pleased about it. 2. There is little doubt that the first experiment has failed. 3. Probably he has recognized you by your photo in the newspaper. 4. I know he is in at this time. 5. Of course, she is trying to help you. 6. Certainly, she is waiting for you at home. 7. Probably, he was ill. 8. No doubt, she knew what she wanted. 9. I am sure she is very fond of the child. 10. Of course, they have taken the wrong turning. 11. Probably, he was taken there by car.

Упр. 21. Прореагируйте на сообщения, выражая уверенность.

Model:

He has won all the games. (be a good sportsman)

He must be a good sportsman.

Ann has not come yet. (have a lesson)

She must be having a lesson.

The cup is in pieces. (drop)

Someone must have dropped it.

1. The plates are clean. (wash up) 2. There are some sandwiches on the kitchen table. (make) 3. There are drops of water on the window outside. (rain) 4. He got only excellent marks at the exams. (be a good student) 5. She doesn’t even look in your direction. (be angry with you) 6. Mary didn’t come to us yesterday. (be ill) 7. The boy is smiling all the time. (read something funny) 8. I shan’t bother you any longer. (be tired) 9. I have never seen her so unbalanced. (be upset) 10. I found this baby bird at the foot of the tree. (fall out of the nest) 11. Her eyes are swollen. (cry) 12. Fred left the office an hour ago. (be at home now) 13. There is a tree right across the road. (be blown down by the storm) 14. As soon as I switched my new electric cooker there was an explosion. (be something wrong) 15. He promised to come at 5 but he didn’t. (forget his promise) 16. I didn’t hear the telephone. (fall asleep) 17. He makes such mistakes! (be very careless) 18. The taxi-driver got to the airport in half an hour. (drive very fast) 19. He never got the letter. (be sent to the wrong address) 20. The windows in the room are open. (be stuffy inside)

Упр. 22. Прочитайте предложения. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение модальных глаголов can (удивление, сомнение), may (неуверенность, предположение), must (уверенность).

1. a. He may still be here. b. He must still be here. c. Can he still be here?

2. a. They may be having lunch. b. They must be having lunch. c. They cannot be having lunch.

3. a. He may have forgotten about the meeting. b. He must have forgotten about the meeting. c. Can he have forgotten about the meeting?

Упр. 23*. Вставьте глагол to be to в правильной форме.

1. Who … speak tonight? 2. Sorry, I am in a hurry, I … meet Mum at the station. 3. What … I to do if she starts crying? 4. When … they to come? 5. Everything was perfectly arranged. We … live in the best hotel. 6. It’s clear, we … have a very cold and rainy spring. 7. She is very excited today. She … be taken to her first party. 8. … I to stay here all the time? 9. We arranged everything in the following way: I … buy bread and butter and my brother … buy milk. 10. He … be taken to hospital on Monday.

Упр.24*. Перифразируйте предложения, используя выраженияtohaveto,tobeto. Поставьте предложения в прошедшее и будущее время.

1. You must come to the Academy at 9 o’clock.

2. I forgot to buy bread. I must go to the shop.

3. She is on duty today and must air the classroom.

4. We have decided that they must come for dinner tonight.

5. He has fallen ill and won’t go for a walk. He must stay at home.

6. You have missed your train. You must wait for another one.

Упр. 25*. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. I had to take a taxi because it was late.

2. They are to have a meeting in two days.

3. Mother has to get up early.

4. He will have to re-write the dictation.

5. We were to join the group in the mountains.

6. The children have to make dinner themselves as their mother is in hospital.

7. I had to take off my skies as I had broken them.

8. He is to speak at the conference.

Упр. 26*. Замните инфинитив в скобках на выражение to have to, если действие вынужденное, и на to be to, если действие планируемое или ожидаемое.

1. And who (do) the cooking today? 2. We are late, we (hurry). Who (to meet) you there? 4. My feet are wet. I (change) my shoes. 5. He is getting rather troublesome. Yesterday I (speak) to him twice about washing his hands. 6. I’m afraid you (go) there alone, I’ve got a headache. 7. When the lecture (begin)? 8. Two more apartment houses (be built) here. 9. The cup final (be played) tomorrow, but they (change) the date as some of the sportsmen are ill. 10. She (stay) with the children as their mother had not returned yet. 11. Somebody (be) there to meet the guests. 12. Well, children, who (do) the dished tonight? 13. Unfortunately, he (leave) tomorrow. 14. It is decided he (leave) tomorrow. 15. The Browns (come) an hour ago but they didn’t, and we (spend) the night alone.

Упр. 27*. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Мне надо видеть его сегодня же. 2. Ему пришлось все сделать самому. 3. Вам придется немного подождать. 4. Когда он должен придти? 5. Не смей так говорить. 6. Должно быть, он очень умен. 7. Должно быть, она все поняла правильно. 8. По-видимому, он спал и не слышал звонок. 9. Ему надо переписать сочинение. 10. Я должен был подготовить доклад, и поэтому мне пришлось встать раньше.