Exercises

16. Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в Present Continuous или Past Continuous

1. I (to write) an English exercise now. 2. I (to write) an English exercise at this time yesterday, 3. My little sister (to sleep) now. 4 My little sister (to sleep) at this time yesterday. 5. My friends (not to do) their homework now. They (to play) volley-ball. 6. My friends (not to do) their home­work at seven o'clock yesterday. They (to play) volley-ball. 7. You (to eat) ice-cream now? 8. You (to eat) ice-cream when I rang you up yesterday? 9. What your father (to do) now? 10. What your father (to do) from eight till nine yesterday? 11. Why she (to cry) now? 12. Why she (to cry) when I saw her yesterday? 13. She (to read) the whole evening yesterday. 14. She (not to read) now, 15. Now she (to go) to school. 16. What you (to do) now? —-I (to drink) tea. 17. You (to drink) tea at this time yesterday? — No, I (not to drink) tea at this time yesterday, I (to eat) a banana. 18. My sister is fond of reading. She (to read) the whole evening yesterday, and now she (to read) again, 19. Look! My cat (to play) with a ball. 20. When I went out into the garden, the sun (to shine) and birds (to sing) in the trees.

17. Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в Past Simple или Past Continuous.

1.1 (to play) computer games yesterday. 2. I (to play) computer games at five o'clock yesterday. ^; 3. He (to play) computer games from two till three yesterday. 4. We (to play) computer games the whole evening yesterday. 5. What Nick (to do) when [ you came to his place? 6. What you (to do) when I rang you up? 7. I (not to sleep) at nine o'clock yesterday. 8. What he (to do) yesterday? - - He (to read) a book. 9. What he (to do) the whole evening yesterday? --He (to read) a book. 10. She (to sleep) when you came home? 11. My brother (not to play) tennis yesterday. He (to play) tennis the day be­fore yesterday. 12. My sister (not to play) the pi­ano at four o'clock yesterday. She (to play) the piano the whole evening. 13. When I came into the

kitchen, mother (to cook). 14. She (to cook) the whole day yesterday. 15. We (to wash) the floor in our flat yesterday. 16. We (to wash) the floor in our flat from three till four yesterday. 17. You (to do) your homework yesterday? 18. You (to do) your homework from eight till ten yesterday? 19. Why she (to sleep) at seven o'clock yesterday? 20. He (to sit) at the table the whole evening yesterday.

18. Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла­голы в Past Simple или Past Continuous.

The sun (to go) down behind the hills when I (to reach) a village which (to be) only a few miles from the sea. The working day (to be) over, and the vil­lagers (to come) home from the fields. Along the road two boys (to drive) cows and sheep in the direction of the village. I (to approach) a group of people standing near the road and (to ask) them if I could find a place in the village to spend the night. An old man (to say) he would help me. He (to take) me to his small cottage at the far end of the street. A fire (to burn) in the stove when we (to enter) the house. One girl of about eighteen (to prepare) supper in the kitchen while two other girls still (to do) something in the kitchen garden near the house. The old man (to invite) me to have sup­per with them. They all (to seem) to be nice people and we (to have) a friendly talk. After supper my 'new friends and I (to go) out into the garden. The moon (to shine) high in the sky, and the night (to be) warm and beautiful. That evening (to be) very pleasant, and I shall remember it a long time.

The Past Perfect Tense

Tense	Key words	Form	Examples (+)	Examples (-)	Examples (?)
Past Perfect	never already by 2 o’clock by September after…, before…	had +regular verb: Infinitive + -ed irregular verb: 3rd column of table of irregular verbs)	I had worked. She had worked. He had gone.	I had not worked. She had not worked. He had not gone. (hadn’t)	Had I worked? Had she worked? Had he gone?

Допоміжне дієслово: to have (had)

Вживання:

• Дія, що закінчилася до певного моменту в минулому.

There are two past perfect tenses in the English language.

Form

It is formed with the auxiliary verb "had" + past participle (-ed ending for regular verbs, e.g. worked, travelled, tried, different forms for irregular verbs, e.g. written, made, sung): I had done, I had not done (I hadn't done), Had I done? Had I not done? (Hadn't I done?)

Use

1. We use the past perfect to make it clear that an action was completed before another action in the past.

The door bell rang at last. I had been in the room since breakfast.

(The bell rang at noon. I came in the morning - before that.)

When I arrived there Sarah had already left.

(I arrived after lunch. Sara went before lunch.)

I was so hungry! I had not eaten anything since the morning.

(It was late at night.)

2. It is used to refer to an activity that was completed before a point of time in the past.

In 2005 I had lived in the same place for ten years.

Had you ever travelled by plane before your holiday in Spain?

Past perfect vs present perfect simple

1. The past perfect is often used with expressions indicating that the activity took some time, such as: for 10 years, since 1995, all week, all the time, always, ...

When the plane landed Tim had travelled all day.

My parents moved away from Leeds. They had lived there since they got married.

In 2005 Derek started to work in Berlin. He had always planned it.

These expressions are also used with the present perfect. The difference is, however, that the present perfect refers to events that started in the past and still continue, the past perfect expresses events that began before a point of time (or another action) in the past and continued to that point of time in the past.

I have been in Paris for a week. (the present perfect - I came a week ago and I am still in Paris.)

When I met Annie I had been in Paris for a week. (the past perfect - I came to Paris a week before I met Annie and I am not there anymore.)

2. If we use the past perfect simple it does not always mean that an activity continued up to a point of time in the past. The event can end a long time before the point of time in the past that we refer to.

In 2001 Angie worked in Glasgow. In 1980's she had worked in Wales.

(Angie left her job in Glasgow in 1989. In 2001 she worked in Glasgow. But we do not know what she did in the meantime.)

Past perfect vs past simple

1. The past simple is used for actions that happened some time ago. The past perfect is used for actions that happened before a point of time in the past.

Jim returned at 4 o'clock. He had called Jane on the way back home and now she appeared at the door.

In this story the sentences are in a reversed order, because in reality, first Jim called Jane and then he returned. If we want to keep this sentence order, we must use the past perfect to make it clear that Jim called Jane first.

2. If the sentence order is the same as the order of the events, we can use the past tense.

Jim called Jane on the way back home. He returned at 4 o'clock and now she appeared at the door.

This difference is important. In some situations these two tenses have a completely different meaning.

I arrived at the garage. They told me to pay in cash. But I only had my credit card. I couldn't pay.

I arrived at the garage. They had told me to pay in cash. I paid and left immediately.

In the first case I did not know that I had to pay in cash. They told me after my arrival.

In the second case I was informed before my arrival and had no problems.

Past perfect in time clauses

In time clauses after when we can use either the past tense or the past perfect tense.

We use the past tense if we want to express that the first action led to the second and that the second followed the first very closely.

When the film ended he switched off the television.

The past perfect is used when we want to make it clear that the first action was completed before the second started and that there is no relation between them.

When she had washed the dishes she had a cup of tea.

But:

When she washed the dishes she put the plates in the cupboard.

If we use after in a time clause the past perfect is much more usual.

After Zidane had scored the goal the fans went wild.

We use the past perfect similarly with: as soon as, until, before, by the time.

He got up as soon as he had heard the alarm clock.

We did not stop until we had reached the coast.

Maria had finished her meal by the time I arrived.

Before she cut her hair she had consulted it.