МІНІСТЕРСТВО
ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ
УКРАЇНСЬКА
ІНЖЕНЕРНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНА АКАДЕМІЯ
КАФЕДРА
ІНОЗЕМНИХ МОВ
Англійська мова
Навчально-методичний
посібник для проведення практичних
занять з англійської мови зі студентами
ІІ курсу заочної форми навчання
для
інженерних
та
інженерно-педагогічних
спеціальностей
Затверджено
Науково-Методичною
Радою
Української
інженерно -
педагогічної
академії
Протокол
№ __6__
від
22 березня
2011р.
Харків
2011
УДК:
881.111
Англійська
мова. Навчально-методичний посібник
для проведення практичних занять з
англійської мови зі студентами ІІ курсу
заочної форми навчання.
Упорядники:
Самойлова С.Л., Леонова О.В., Жигалко
С.Е. – Харків: УІПА, 2011. – 112с.
Запропонований
навчально-методичний посібник призначений
для студентів ІІ курсу інженерних та
інженерно-педагогічних спеціальностей
заочної форми навчання. У посібнику
підібрані тексти науково-технічного
змісту для вивчаючого та ознайомлюючого
читання. Тексти забезпечені додатковими
вправами, які допоможуть студентам
добре зрозуміти зміст та засвоїти
лексичний та граматичний матеріал.
Головна мета даного навчально-методичного
посібника – навчити студентів працювати
зі словником, читати літературу
англійською мовою з тим, щоб на основі
набутих знань, вмінь та навичок здобувати
з прочитаного корисну інформацію.
Відповідальний
випусковий: ст.
викл. Леонова О.В.
Рецензент:
ст. викл.
кафедри іноземних мов Романенко М.В.
©
С.Л. Самойлова
©
О.В. Леонова
©
С.Е. Жигалко
©
УІПА
I Семестр
UNIT
1
Завдання
1. Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його
українською мовою.
HEAVY
INDUSTRY
Industry
is a single complex, its constituent parts being closely interwoven
and interlinked. They cater for the needs of society and development
of other branches of economy. For instance, power machine
construction cannot operate without metal-making, or chemical
industry, or electronics. The country needs heavy industry products
— machines, tractors, aircraft, pipes, chemicals. But people also
cannot do without bread, meat, fabrics, foot-wear, homes, books.
All
the branches of industry being of major importance, the country
cannot develop either the industry manufacturing means of
production, or those producing consumer goods. Yet, if we classify
industry into various branches we shall see that some of them are of
prime importance.
First
of all we shall distinguish heavy industry which manufactures
producer goods (capital goods), and light industry, the latter
supplying the people with consumer goods. Both heavy industry and
light industry are necessary for the development of any country.
Heavy
industry comprises first and foremost power engineering and
electrical industry. Vitally important are also such fields as
engineering or machine-building, machine-tool construction and
ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mining and chemical industry.
Industry with all these branches constitutes the basis of every
economy.
All
the essentials of economy construction in our country are closely
connected with the structure of heavy industry and the level of its
development. Providing all the branches of economy with the means
and implements of labour, heavy industry exerts a direct influence
on the growth of productivity and, consequently, on the standard of
living of the people.
Practice
has proved that the greater the availability of steel, machines,
electric power, chemicals and fuel, the more rapid is the
development of light industry, food industry and agriculture,
consumer goods and the scale of housing construction.
So
a highly developed heavy industry is the first essential for the
build-up of an advanced economy.
Our
industry has a rich material and technical base: thousands of
plants, factories, mines, quarries and power stations. It makes
possible the development of science and technology. Industry
comprises the design and manufacture of the major types of machines
and plants, and of original transfer lines, instruments and control
devices.
The
development of such basic industries as power engineering, metal
manufacture, mechanical engineering, metal working, chemical and
petrochemical industries increases the output of the means of
production, the basis of national economy.
Heavy
industry is the foundation which makes it possible to speed up the
production of consumer goods.
Vocabulary
notes
to
cater for —
постачати, забезпечувати
to
do without —
обходитися без
of
prime importance —
першочергового значення
first
and foremost —
передусім, насамперед
Завдання
2. Дайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
What
does heavy industry manufacture?
What
does light industry supply the people with?
Which
of the industries is more important?
Why
is the development of the country closely connected with
industrialization?
What
can you say about our industry today?
What
industries play a key role in the modernization programme?
What
is the main task of our economy today?
What
are the characteristic features of our industry at present?
Why
is the progress of industry important?
Завдання
3. Підберіть до поданих слів
а)
синоніми:
close |
to
raise |
foundation |
field |
to
increase |
labour |
significance |
tight |
branch |
building |
productivity |
to
control |
work |
basis |
impact |
efficiency |
construction |
importance |
to
operate |
cornerstone |
essential |
influence |
б)
антоніми:
rich |
secondary |
slow |
impossible |
highly |
minor |
prime |
poor |
heavy |
backward |
possible |
low |
major |
rapid |
powerful |
identical |
advanced |
light |
to
speed up |
powerless |
various |
to
slow down |
Завдання
4. Знайдіть у тексті еквіваленти до
наступних українських словосполучень:
єдиний
комплекс
важка
промисловість
галузь
промисловості
засоби
виробництва
життєво
важливий
матеріально-технічна
база
розвиток
науки і техніки
основа
національної економіки
знаряддя
праці
здійснювати
безпосередній вплив
Завдання
5. Поєднайте слова лівого та правого
стовпчика, щоб утворити словосполучення:
machine |
programme |
heavy |
device |
consumer |
line |
power |
goods |
control |
engineering |
modernization |
building |
transfer |
industry |
Завдання
6. Підберіть тлумачення до наданих слів.
Industry |
length
of textile material |
country |
a
flying machine of any type |
fabric |
a
state with its land and population |
mine |
branch
of manufacture |
aircraft |
a
deep hole in the ground from which minerals are taken |
UNIT
2
Завдання
1. Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його
українською мовою.
Engineering — the mainstay of heavy industry
Engineering
(machine-building) is the largest branch of any industry.
Engineering and metal-working have a greater output than any other
industry. Their enterprises employ more than one-third of the total
industrial manpower and account for one-fourth of the fixed
productive capital.
The
machine is known to be the major and efficient means of labour in
modern production. In one form or another it is employed in all
avenues of technical progress, including mechanization, automation,
chemical engineering, electricity and atomic energy.
The
machine-building industry is known to be able to produce various
kinds of machinery and machine-tools in sufficient numbers to meet
the country's requirements. Every year, our designers and
machine-builders bring out tens of hundreds of new types and makes
of machines and equipment — giant turbogenerators and
high-precision machine-tools, the latest foundry equipment and
automatic devices, diesel locomotives and powerful building
machinery, precision instruments, electronic computing machines and
nuclear reactors, and what not.
Our
engineering has attained a high level of development in such
branches as instrument making, electric and other power equipment,
lathes and motor vehicles.
The
output
of railway cars, electric
and
diesel locomotives, grain
combines
and tractors, among
other
machines, is
known to be very
high.
The
engineering industry is characterized by such features as: increased
capacities and speeds of machinery, the replacement of mechanical
control systems by electrical and hydraulic ones, simplification of
machinery design by combining transmission and driving gears, a
steadily increasing use of auxiliary and automatic devices, and the
introduction of programme control techniques on a mass scale.
Numerically
controlled machines based on microprocessors and microcomputers are
being introduced on a large scale.
The
electro-chemical, radio-electric, machine-tool and instrument-making
engineering develop at an accelerated pace.
The
engineering industry is known to play a key role in the
modernization programme, in the production of new generation of
machines and equipment and intensification of the whole economy.
Automation
of production (producing automatic and semi-automatic machinery,
machine-tools, numerically controlled machines based on
microprocessors aHd microcomputers, installing transfer lines) is a
key precondition for the building of the material and technical base
of economy. Present-day and future engineering is sure to be linked
with the main task of engineering: to "teach" machines to
operate without man's presence. Computers of the first generations
are being replaced by machines of the fourth and fifth generations
based on microprocessors and microcomputers with miniaturized
integrated circuits.
To
raise the standard of living in our country our industry must
accelerate the output of such commodities as movie cameras, radio
and TV-sets, refrigerators, washing machines and others.
Vocabulary
notes
to
account for —
звітувати, відповідати (за що-н.)
to
meet requirements —
задовольняти потреби
makes
of machines —
конструкції машин
numerically
controlled
(NC)
— з
ЧПУ (числовим програмним управлінням)
Завдання
2. Дайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
Why
is engineering called the mainstay of heavy industry?
What
does machine-building industry produce?
What
branches of engineering are highly developed in our country?
What
are the characteristic features of our engineering industry?
What
does automation of production facilitate?
What
is present-day and future engineering linked with?
The
output of what products has our engineering industry accelerated?
What
are our tasks in engineering industry?
Завдання
3. Знайдіть у тексті еквіваленти до
наступних українських словосполучень:
всі
напрямки технічного прогресу
машинобудівна
промисловість
приладобудування
високоточний
верстат
конструкції
машин
людські
ресурси промисловості
система
механічного управління
засоби
з програмним управлінням
лінії
передачі
програма
модернізації
верстат
з ЧПУ
матеріально-технічна
база
Завдання
4. Перекладіть українською мовою наступні
словосполучення та знайдіть їх у тексті:
to
raise the standard of living
to
meet the country’s requirement
to
play a key role
to
operate without man’s presence
to
introduce on a large scale
to
produce various kinds of machinery
to
accelerate the output of commodities
Завдання
5. Поєднавши слово “engineering”
з потрібним англійським словом утворіть
еквіваленти до наступних українських
словосполучень:
машинобудування |
сonstruction |
атомна
енергетика |
automotive |
ядерна
техніка |
chemical |
енергетика |
atomic
power |
радіотехніка |
electrical |
електротехніка |
power |
техніка
управління |
industrial |
цивільне
будівництво |
radio |
хімічна
технологія |
nuclear |
організація
виробництва |
management |
будівельна
техніка |
civil |
автотракторна
техніка |
mechanical |
Завдання
6. Утворіть речення з наступних слів.
very
important,
engineering,
branch of industry, is, a.
has
attained, of machine-building, modern engineering, of development,
various branches, in, a high level.
of
production, for the building, of, automation, of economy, is, the
material and technical base, a key precondition.
will
raise, of, engineering, the standard of living, the progress, of
the people.
UNIT
3
Завдання
1. Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його
українською мовою.
PROBLEM
OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Each
year several thousand mechanisms, instruments and devices of various
kinds are introduced into production.
The
complexity and precision of modern machines and mechanisms have
increased so rapidly that the technological servicing of their
designing and production is a very complicated problem. Their
quality and reliability depend upon many scientific disciplines,
among them the science of materials. This might well be called the
age of materials science.
It
is very important that specialists should have information on the
properties of materials subjected to most severe conditions of
temperature, loading, corrosion, etc.
The
rate of our progress in such different fields as space research,
nuclear power engineering, in such technologies as laser and plasma
technologies, powder metallurgy, self-spreading high-temperature
synthesis, and others would be impossible without a complete
knowledge of the properties of various engineering materials,
without the development of new materials and old materials with new
properties.
A
deep and versatile knowledge of the properties of engineering
materials would not only be needed by engineers and
engineer-designers to prevent machine breakage, failure of
structures, but such knowledge would be also necessary in order that
these materials should be used most economically. It is a fact that
some materials are available in insufficient quantities and the more
effective use of new substitute materials should be made.
Modern
industry requires materials capable of working in diverse
conditions. Research establishments are in constant search of such
materials, for example, studying optical strength with the help of a
laser beam, testing building materials for thermal shock, etc. They
have developed many alloys, ceramics or plastics reinforced with
metal, glass, etc. Such materials find application in all spheres of
technology, science and in everyday life.
It
was only at the beginning of this century that research began in the
physics of strength of materials, and the materials science
appeared. The problem of properties of materials is hidden deep in
the mysteries of atomic and molecular structure, and it took a long
time before they could be mastered. The materials science has led to
the development of many new materials having better engineering
properties. Scientists work on the preparation and examination of
materials consisting of individual elements or combination of
elements from most of the periodic table. New elements have been
created.
Every
substance in the universe is made up of limitless combinations of 92
atoms. Out of them can be made anything known to and millions of
things that man has not yet discovered. Chemistry now takes natural
resources of the universe to produce a great variety of entirely new
substances. Nature has* neglected to make some things man needs,
such as superheat- and super-pressure-resistant materials and
translucent and much stronger materials which are now very much
needed to make better machines and instruments. Since nature does
not have these vital things man should create them. And he is doing
it now with the help of modern chemistry and materials science. For
instance, man has created marvelous polymers as far as durability
and thermal stability are concerned. The chemistry of polymers holds
promise of fantastic progress in the near future. The list of things
chemistry has learned to make reads like a fairy-tale.
In
selecting the most suitable material and in determining their
properties, the engineer-designer should widely use the knowledge of
chemistry and materials science.
Vocabulary
notes
engineering
material —
інженерно-будівельний
матеріал
materials
science (science of materials) —
матеріалознавство
self-spreading
high-temperature
synthesis
—
саморозповсюджувальний
високотемпературний синтез
thermal
shock
—
тепловий
(термічний) удар
Завдання
2. Дайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
What
do quality and reliability of engineering products depend upon?
Why
might this age be called the age of materials science?
Why
is it necessary for an engineer to know the properties of
materials?
In
what fields of engineering is the knowledge of engineering
materials especially important?
What
can happen if the properties of materials are not taken into
account by the designer?
What
is the materials science concerned with?
What
is materials science based on?
What
engineering materials have been developed by modern materials
science?
What
are the fields of application of polymers?
What
scientific achievements help materials science?
Завдання
3.
Знайдіть
у тексті наступні словосполучення та
складіть з ними власні речення:
many
scientific disciplines
nuclear
power engineering
deep
and versatile knowledge
substitute
materials
to
work in diverse conditions
to
be in constant search
to
find application
strength
of materials
to
select suitable material
entirely
new substances
Завдання
4. Знайдіть у тексті англійські еквіваленти
наступним словосполученням:
впроваджувати
у виробництво
матеріалознавство
технічне
обслуговування
надійність
складна
проблема
властивості
матеріалів
піддавати
суворим умовам
запобігати
поломки машини
довговічність
термічна
стійкість
пластмаса,
зміцнена металом
Завдання
5. Підберіть до поданих слів з тексту
а)
синоніми:
complicated |
total |
diverse |
proper |
marvelous |
broad |
suitable |
fantastic |
complete |
complex |
wide |
different |
б)
антоніми:
better |
simplicity |
new |
possible |
insufficient |
short |
complexity |
worse |
rapidly |
similar |
impossible |
slowly |
various |
old |
long |
sufficient |
Завдання
6. Утворіть з наданих слів назви галузей
або наук:
chemistry
of |
metallurgy |
power |
science |
powder |
synthesis |
space |
technology |
materials |
polymers |
high-temperature |
materials |
plasma |
research |
strength
of |
engineering |
UNIT
4
Завдання
1. Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його
українською мовою.
ELECTRONICS
Electronics
is the science of electronic phenomena, devices and systems. It
describes and applies the flow of electrons emitted from solids or
liquids passing through vacuum, gases or semiconductors. Electronics
as a science studies the properties of electrons, the laws of their
motion, the laws of the transformation of various kinds of energy
through the media of electrons. The basic elements in electronics
are the electron tube and the transistor.
Although
electronics is properly regarded as only a section of electrical
technology, electronic techniques are applied in many fields,
including industry, communication, defence and entertaining. Due to
its versatility it becomes increasingly difficult to draw clear
dividing lines between electronics and other branches of
electronical technology.
While
physical electronics is the science of electronic processes,
industrial electronics deals with the technology of design,
construction and application of electronic devices. The industrial
applications of electronics include control gauging, counting and
measuring, speed regulations, and many others.
The
invention of electronic device is known to have become a new
important phase in the development of electrical engineering. It
considerably enlarges the application of electrical energy for
various industrial purposes. The invention of the vacuum tube made
radiobroadcasting possible and later on —
telecasting.
The researches in the field of electronics gave us radar devices,
computers, tape recorders, betatron and a lot of medical tools.
Semiconductor devices which have replaced electron tubes reduce the
size of instruments.
A
great advance in electronics is considered to be connected with the
appearance of the transistor. The use of the transistor is likely to
be the first step in miniaturization of electronic devices and has
increased the range of their application, The introduction of the
transistor in 1948
is
supposed to be the beginning of the evolution of microelectronics
which led in the late 1970s
to
the development of large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. Now
hundreds of circuits can be packed on to one square inch and there
seems to be no limit to it. The technology of so-called molecular
epitaxy is the best proof of this suggestion.
Electronics
is evident to have made a great contribution to automation. It has
extended the range of automatic control in large-scale industrial
operations and made the processing of information rapid. Electronic
computers have provided the basis for the construction of automatic
lines, automated units, shops and whole plants, tools with
programmed control, robots and manipulators.
The
steering of big ships, jet planes, interplanetary rockets is
controlled by electronic devices. Radio-electronic systems ensure
reliable communication with space stations at distances amounting to
scores of millions of kilometres. Hundreds of electronic devices
perform various tasks on board every satellite and spaceship.
Electronics has penetrated into all the spheres of human activity
from household appliances to artificial intelligence and search of
outerspace civilizations.
Such
advantages of electronic devices as microscopic size, high speed,
low cost and reliability are likely to have no competitor. No wonder
electronic technology is the most dynamic technology of the present
industrial age. Electronics is sure to make still greater progress
in the nearest future and help humanity gain new victories in
science and engineering.
Vocabulary
notes
electrical
engineering —
електротехніка
to
draw (clear) dividing lines (between) —
провести (чіткі) межі (між)
range
of application —
межі (діапазон) застосування
large-scale
integrated circuit (LSI) —
велика інтегральна схема, BIC
Завдання
2. Дайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
What
is electronics?
What
does physical electronics deal with?
What
does industrial electronics deal with?
What
made radio broadcasting and telecasting possible?
What
can reduce the size of instrument?
What
is a great advance in electronics connected with?
When
was the transistor introduced?
How
is electronics connected with automation?
Where
are electronic devices and equipment applied?
What
is the future of electronics?
Завдання
3.
Визначте,
вірні чи ні наступні твердження.
Electronics
is the science of electronic phenomena, devices and systems.
Electronics
as a science studies the protons.
Electronic
techniques cannot be used in entertaining.
The
invention of electronic device became an important phase in
development of electrical engineering.
The
researches in electronics gave us very few useful devices.
The
introduction of the transistor was a revolution in electronics.
Electronics
was never connected with automation.
Electronic
technology is the most dynamic technology of the present industrial
age.
Завдання
4. Дайте українські еквіваленти наступним
словосполученням:
electronic
phenomena
flow
of electrons
electron
tube
glass
vacuum tube
physical
electronics
industrial
electronics
electronic
device
integrated
circuit
household
appliances
artificial
intelligence.
Завдання
5. Знайдіть у тексті англійські еквіваленти
наступним словосполученням:
властивості
електронів
різні
види енергії
галузі
електронної технології
електронні
процеси
застосування
електронних приладів
винайдення
електронного приладу
застосування
електричної енергії
різні
промислові потреби
обробка
інформації
переваги
електронних приладів.
Завдання
6. Виберіть до наданих слів
а)
синоніми
transformation |
main |
various |
many-sidedness |
basic |
quick |
many |
to
carry out |
versatility |
advance |
rapid |
changing |
to
ensure |
a
lot of |
progress |
to
guarantee |
to
perform |
different |
б)
антоніми
difficult |
past |
various |
easy |
present |
smaller |
dynamic |
to
reduce |
to
enlarge |
static |
greater |
similar |
UNIT
5
Завдання
1. Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його
українською мовою.
AUTOMATION
AND LABOUR
It
is a matter of common knowledge nowadays that the principal
direction of the present-day scientific and technological progress
consists in the revolution of mechanized forms of work through the
automation of production.
Quite
recently, only some decades ago, even the words "automation",
"automatic control" seldom appeared on the pages of the
press or scientific publications. In the early forties the position
radically changed. Soon automatic control was recognized throughout
the world to be a new, progressive, independent branch of science
and engineering. Today one cannot imagine technical progress without
automation.
Automation
may be defined as "the accomplishment of a job by an integrated
mechanism with a minimum assistance of any kind". In fact,
automation is the integration of four independent compounds which
have been linked together into a single process. These integral
parts of automation are: transfer machining, automatic assembly,
communication engineering and control engineering.
Emphasis
should be made that automation is not a mere extention of
mechanization, but a qualitatively new step in technological
development. It brought about radical changes in the technological
nature of the relationship between man and machine. In mechanization
the function of the direct effect on the object of labour was
transferred to the working mechanism. Here, man remained the
principal agent of the technological process. He retained the
functions of control, regulation, maintaining machines and direct
intervention in production process. With the advent of automation
these functions were transferred to the mechanical device'. The
automation of production enables man to operate machines with the
help of other machines. Now machines discharge not only production
but also intellectual, and in some cases even physiological
functions.
Our
country has many thousands of comprehensively mechanized and
automated enterprises and workshops. The mechanized and automated
production lines replace or lighten the work of a tremendous number
of workers. All the hydro-power plants in the country have been
completely automated. Annually hundreds of automated control systems
go into operation at industrial, agricultural, communication, trade
and transport enterprises and organizations.
Modern
means of automation make it possible to link up in a single complex
the whole technological chain: machine designing, equipment and
rigging, control of a technological process, control of the whole
enterprise. This has been made possible due to the extensive
development and mass production of new types of computer technology,
from large computers to microprocessors.
Needless
to say, comprehensive automation calls for material inputs and time.
But the economic effect from the release of "living labour",
the intensification of production, the higher quality of output and
more flexible technology make up for the inputs, while, on the
social plane, it gives opportunities for creative work by both the
makers of this technology and its users.
Thus,
now the main trend in automation is developing not merely automatic
machines, but entire technological processes and systems whose
functioning excludes the direct involvement of men.
Such
automated systems, called flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are
regarded by many experts as being the best way to meet the demands
of industry. They consider the
FMS
to be the future of the automated factory, or at least the minimally
manned factory.
The
application of FMS requires advanced technical know-how.
Завдання
2. Дайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
What
is the principal direction of the present-day scientific and
technological progress?
Can
one imagine technical progress today without automation?
What
is automation?
Did
the word “automatic control” appear recently or long ago?
What
is the difference between mechanization and automation?
What
are the integral parts of automation?
What
does modern automation mean?
What
is the basis of automation?
What
is the economic effect of automation?
Завдання
3.
Знайдіть у тексті еквіваленти наступним
українським словосполученням:
задовольнити
потреби промисловості
автоматичне
складання
техніка
зв’язку
техніка
управління
технологічний
розвиток
експлуатація
машин
всебічна
автоматизація
інтенсифікація
виробництва
головна
тенденція в автоматизації
пряме
втручання людей
Завдання
4.
Визначте, яке слово пропущене в наступних
реченнях.
In
mechanization man remained the _____ agent of the technological
process.
Man
performed the function of control and direct _____ in production
process.
Our
country has many comprehensively automated _____ and workshops.
All
the hydro-power _____ in the country have been completely
automated.
Modern
means of automation make possible to link up in a single _____ the
whole technological chain.
Comprehensive
automation calls for _____ inputs and time.
The
application of FMS requires _____ technical know-how.
Automation
is a qualitatively new _____ in technological development.
Завдання
5.
Підберіть до наданих слів
а)
синоніми
principle |
assistance |
present
day |
influence |
radically |
today |
effect |
whole |
entire |
main |
help |
fundamentally |
б)
антоніми
seldom |
long
ago |
minimum |
often |
future |
to
include |
independent |
impossible |
to
exclude |
indirect |
direct |
dependant |
possible |
maximum. |
Завдання
6.
Підберіть слова, щоб утворити
словосполучення:
transport |
technology |
technological |
functions |
computer |
mechanism |
physiological |
process |
working |
control |
minimum |
enterprise |
automatic |
assistance |
UNIT
6
Завдання
1. Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його
українською мовою.
SCIENTIFIC
AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
In
the course of his historic development man gradually learned to use
the forces of nature and created our civilization. He managed to
change the earth beyond recognition: inhabited vast expanses of
wilderness, constructed roads, plants and irrigated deserts. Man is
also
the creator of the innumerable spiritual treasures of mankind: the
wonderful works of art, literature and science. All this became
possible
thanks
to
man's labour, his ability to learn, to understand and explain
different phenomena of the material world.
In
this
progressive
advance of man a particularly significant role belongs to energy.
First
man learned to use the energy of
fire.
Many thousand
years passed
before man learned to use the energy of wind, water and steam, and
later – electricity. For producing electricity man
discovered
and began
to use
different energy
resources:
coal, oil, gas, peat, shale,
hydropower
and nuclear
energy.
Not
so long
ago man
invented and put
into
service the steam
engine
and steam locomotives. Then
he attached
the
steam engine to looms and to various wheels and so work began to
speed up.
The
steam engine
worked a revolution in the mode of production. The discovery and
use
of electricity brought about
the industrial revolution. A multitude of machines – mechanical,
steam and electrical – began to
do
man's most difficult
and
complex work. But man's brain still had to control the machines
doing the work. He had to start them, guide them and stop them. He
had to judge their work and correct errors. His eyes, ears and sense
of touch had to do the observing, and his brain interpreted their
information. Then people invented machines and electronic computers
which freed the worker not only of the performance of all production
operations but even of control.
The
machine made a great contribution to the spread of information and
the advance of learning. The machine system made it possible to
include science in production on a large scale. But let us not
forget that it was a long and a hard way. It took the steam engine
more than a century to develop
its
tremendous capacity to the full. The industrial revolution, brought
about by the discovery and use of electricity, took some 50 – 60
years to run its course.
The
second half of the 20th century begins an entirely new era – the
era of the scientific and technological revolution. It is due to
complex mechanization and full automation.
The
discovery of the chain reaction of nuclear fission and the reaction
of thermonuclear fusion promises mankind a practically unlimited
source of energy. Now scientists began to study and use outer space
for Man's benefit.
All
this is possible thanks to a wide introduction of scientific
discoveries in production.
We
live in the epoch when science becomes direct productive force of
society. All-round automation determines the social consequences of
the scientific-technological progress. Automation will
take
over man's manual work
and electronic
computers will
relieve
him of much of his mental work, leaving him time for creativity. It
obliterates the distinctions between physical and mental labour.
Vocabulary
notes
beyond
recognition – до
невпізнання;
spread
of information (of knowledge, of science) – поширення
інформації (знань,науки);
nuclear
fission
– поділ ядра; розщеплення (атомного
ядра);
thermonuclear
fusion – термоядерна
реакція.
Завдання
2. Надайте відповіді
на запитання до тексту.
Who
is the creator of the material and spiritual treasures of mankind?
What
sources of energy did man discover and begin to use in his life?
The
discovery of electricity brought about the industrial revolution,
didn’t it?
Did
the machine make a great contribution to the spread of information?
What
made man’s work easier and gave him time for creative work?
What
did the scientists discover in the second half of the 20th century?
Did
man use first energy of fire or atom?
Will
outer space be used for man’s benefit?
Завдання
3. Перекладіть наведені слова та
словосполучення англійською мовою.
До
невпізнання _____.
Заселяти
_____
.
Зрошувати
пустелі _____
.
Енергетичні
ресурси _____
.
Велика
кількість _____
.
Винаходити
_____.
Розвиток
освіти _____
.
Паровий
двигун _____
.
Ланцюгова
реакція _____
.
Соціальні
наслідки _____
.
Завдання
4. Визначте які з поданих тверджень
правдиві «Так» + «Ні»-
First
man learned to use the energy of thermonuclear fusion.
Man
inhabited vast expanses of wilderness, constructed roads and
irrigated deserts.
The
machine plays a great role in the spread of information and the
advance of learning.
Man
managed to change the Universe.
The
industrial revolution began after man had learned to use the energy
of fire.
Electronic
computers will relieve man of much of his mental work.
The
scientists began to study and use outer space for Man’s benefit.
Завдання
5. Визначте пропущені слова.
Radar,
battery, generator, appliances, dynamo, transformer |
…..
is a machine that generates electricity, steam, gas, etc.
A
device giving information about position, movement, etc. is named
…..
A
machine for changing water and steam power into electrical energy
is known
as….
Food
mixers, toasters, modern dish-washer and a number of the most
recent home devices are household…..
An
apparatus to increase or decrease the voltage of an electric power
supply ….. was invented at the end of the 19th
century.
It
is known that a portable cell for supplying electricity is called
…..
Завдання
6. Підберіть
синоніми.
Also |
a.
quickly |
Engine |
b.
requirement |
Complex |
c.
select |
Rapidly |
d.
motor |
Perform |
e.
as well |
Finish |
f.
opportunity |
Demand |
g.
adjust |
Choose |
h.
sophisticated |
Possibility |
i.
complete |
Regulate |
j.
carry out |
Завдання
7. Виберіть правильний варіант закінчення
поданих речень.
Man
is also the creator of |
a.
the discovery of fire. |
A
multitude of machines began |
b.
in production on a large scale. |
All-round
automation determines |
c.
to do man’s most difficult and complex
work. |
The
machine system made
it
possible
to
include science |
d.
the sun, wind, geothermal energy and others |
Albert
Einstein compared the
discovery
of atomic energy with |
e.
the wonderful works of art, literature and science. |
Our
scientists are pioneers in |
f.
the social consequences of the scientific-technological
revolution. |
It
is so important to use such
renewable
sources of energy as |
g.
research on the use of atomic
energy
for peaceful purposes. |
Завдання
8. Оберіть правильне тлумачення до
кожного слова.
Advance |
to
supply(land) with water by artificial means |
Labour |
the
effect, result or outcome of something occurring earlier |
Steam |
a
period of time marked by special events |
Irrigate |
hard
mental or physical work |
Manual |
a
great number of |
Consequence |
the
action of chemical agents upon each other |
Era |
a
forward movement; a development showing progress |
Multitude |
operated
by hand rather than mechanically |
Reaction |
the
mist that rises from boiling water |
Завдання
9. Підставте пропущені прийменники.
Over,
from, to, by, of, at, in, between |
Although
nuclear power stations are large, they can be built far….. places
where people live.
We
must try to develop alternative sources….. energy.
The
machine system includes science….. production on a large scale.
Automation
will take….. man’s manual work.
The
machine made a great contribution….. the spread of information.
The
distinctions….. physical and mental labour will be obliterated.
One
of the problems scientists are working….. is to transmit energy
to space stations….. using lasers.
UNIT
7
Завдання
1. Прочитайте та перекладіть
текст.
ENERGY
What
is energy? What are its forms and sources? How is mankind`s ever
growing need for energy to be satisfied? The capacity for doing work
is called energy. A body possesses energy when due to its position
or condition it is capable of doing work, and the work it can do is
a measure of its energy.
As
we know, energy is of two types: potential or kinetic. Potential
energy is the energy that has been stored by a body within it. A
body possesses potential energy thanks to its position or condition.
All fuels (coal, oil, gas, etc.) contain chemical potential energy
because they produce the heat that will bring to motion modern
engines and do physical work of great importance for our modern
industrial world.
Water
in a dam is a good example of potential (stored up) energy as well.
It possesses this energy because of its higher position. When water
is falling with great speed it turns huge turbine wheels and
supplies them with kinetic energy. The motion of the turbine can now
produce electric energy which will be to distant homes and
factories. Thus, kinetic energy is the energy that a body has due to
motion. The potential energy of the weight in its highest position
is the same as its kinetic energy after it has fallen under the
action of gravity to its lowest position.
There
are different sources and forms of energy, such as mechanical,
chemical, electrical, etc. We think of heat and electricity as forms
of energy since they can do work, cause motion, move trains and
ships, turn water into steam. Another form of energy is sound. It is
produced by molecules of air in motion. We may say that sound is a
kinetic form of energy due to the motion of molecules.
A
very important feature of energy is that it can be converted or
transformed form to another. The devices for converting energy from
one form to another are called engines. A heat engine, for instance,
transforms heat energy into mechanical energy of rotation by the
combustion of coal, oil, gas or any other fuel. We may observe a
number of such transformations. In the steam engine, for instance,
chemical energy, stored in a fuel, is transformed into heat which is
another form of energy. This produces steam which in its turn is
changed into mechanical energy and drives the engine.
Now
mechanical energy can be transformed into electrical by means of
dynamo. The latter can be reconverted into mechanical energy in the
motor. A turbine of water engine can transform the kinetic energy of
falling water into mechanical rotational energy. The solar devices
which have been built in many countries convert the sun`s energy
into other forms of energy that man consumes with profit. All the
above said is an illustration of the law of conservation of energy.
According to this law energy may be transformed from one form to
another, but may not be destroyed or created. This means that a
definite amount of energy stored in coal, or chemical energy in a
battery, may be changed into any other form of energy, such as heat
or electricity.
Vocabulary
notes
to
cause concern – викликати
стурбованість
to
bring to motion – приводити в
рух
thermonuclear
energy – термоядерна енергія
Завдання
2.Надайте
відповіді на
запитання до тексту.
What
is energy?
What
examples of potential energy do you know?
When
can water in a dam become kinetic energy?
What
are the forms of energy?
What
is the characteristic feature of energy?
How
can one form of energy be changed into another one?
What
is the law of conservation of energy?
What
are the sources of energy?
Завдання
3. Визначте
які з поданих тверджень правдиві: «так»
+ ,«ні» - .
Potential
energy is the energy that a body has due to motion.
The
motion of the turbine can produce electric energy.
A
good example of kinetic energy is water in a dam.
Another
form of kinetic energy is sound.
Energy
may be transformed from one form to another.
A
heat engine transforms heat energy into chemical energy.
Energy
may not be destroyed or created.
Завдання
4.
Перекладіть наведені слова та
словосполучення:
накопичувати
−
прилади
для перетворювання енергії −
обертання
−
хімічна
енергія −
паровий
двигун −
сила
тяжіння −
генератор
−
закон
збереження енергії −
знищувати,
руйнувати −
джерела
енергії −
Завдання
5.
Складіть речення з запропонованих
словосполучень:
to
possess energy −
to
fall with great speed −
to
have due to motion −
forms
of energy −
to
observe transformations −
to
transform heat energy into mechanical energy −
position
or condition −
Завдання
6.
Підберіть
синоніми:
produce |
change |
modern |
whole |
consume |
ruin |
total |
manufacture |
destroy |
labour |
convert |
use
up |
work |
velocity |
speed |
contemporary |
Завдання
7. Виберіть
правильний варіант закінчення поданих
речень
1.
Atomic energy must be used for |
a)
to motion of molecules |
2.
The scientists are looking for |
b)
the biggest consumers of power, mineral raw
materials
and machines. |
3.
The sound possesses kinetic energy due |
c)
ways to use solar energy |
4.
The sun has started to be used also |
d)
consisting of two or more atoms |
5.
The chemical and petrochemical
industry
are |
e)
to heat dwellings |
6.
A molecule is a compound |
f)
peaceful purposes |
Завдання
8. Оберіть
правильне тлумачення до кожного слова:
steam |
a)
the force by which objects tend to fall forward
the
center of the earth; |
train |
b)
a machine for converting heat energy into force and motion |
fuel |
c)
an electric generator; |
condition |
d)
matter that can be burned to create heat or power; |
gravity |
e)
the mist that rises from boiling water; |
engine |
f)
a connected group of railroad cars; |
dynamo |
g)
a particular way of being; particular state of existing. |
Завдання
9. Вставте пропущені прийменники.
-
on,
to, of (2), into, by, for |
1.
Steam is changed ____ mechanical energy and drives the engine.
2.
The scientists are looking____new sources of energy.
3.
In the nearest future we’ll obtain hydrogen ____ thermochemical
decomposition of water.
4.
Albert Einstein compared the discovery ____ atomic energy with the
discovery ____ fire.
5.
The lecture ____ environment protection was very interesting.
6.
The sound possesses kinetic energy due ____ the motion of molecules.
UNIT
8
Завдання
1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
ELECTRICITY
SERVES MAN
All
around us – in the factory shop, or laboratory and at home – we
find an obedient force ready to serve us in some way. It is
electricity.
Electricity
(electric power) has become so much a part of our daily life that we
seldom think of its importance. Electric motors operate washing
machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, electric razors and many
other electric appliances. The range of household electric
appliances is growing. Today an increasingly greater number of
people are using TV-sets, refrigerators, washing machines, electric
cookers, and kitchen units.
Electricity
made possible the engineering progress of today. Electricity serves
as the basis of modernizing industry, increasing equipment
efficiency, automating processes and concentrating production.
Electricity
not only tremendously increases man's power but it becomes an
inseparable part of technology. Not long ago, electricity affected
the objects of labour mainly indirectly. It was a motive force,
provided favourable conditions for processing or
machining.
For
instance, the service life of bearings made by electroslag remelting
method extends almost three times as compared with the same bearings
made of conventional steel.
And
think of the role of electricity for communication or automation! It
is used to transmit and process information. It is the basis of the
comprehensive automation of all production process – technology,
management, regulation, control and evaluation. Electricity does not
merely make work easier: it
changes
it completely. Electricity is the basis of electronics which is
doing much of the routine brain work.
Little
could be done in modern research laboratory without the aid of
electricity. Nearly all the measuring devices used in developing
nuclear power are electrically operated. Geiger counters which
detect the presence of uranium ores in the earth are run with
batteries. X-ray machines, which depend upon electricity, are
used in industry to detect flaws in metal.
Much
of today's scientific research depends on the solution of difficult
mathematical problems, some of which would require days and months
to solve by the usual methods. Electrically operated computers now
make the answer to these problems available in seconds.
Vocabulary
notes
obedient
– слухняний
amalgamate
– об’єднувати
electroslag
– електроокалення
service
life of bearing – термін
роботи підшипника
Geiger
counter – лічильник
Гейгера
flaw
– тріщина,
брак
Завдання
2.
Перекладіть
наведені слова та словосполучення
українською мовою.
household
electric appliances
–
capacity
–
an
inseparable part –
to
provide –
to
extend –
service
life of bearings –
to
solve –
comprehensive
automation –
to
depend upon –
favourable
conditions
–
Завдання
3. Перекладіть наведені слова та
словосполучення англійською мовою.
повсякденне
життя –
електробритва
–
обладнання
–
впливати
–
обробляти
інформацію –
сучасна
дослідна лабораторія –
виявляти
тріщини –
звичайна
сталь –
вимірювальні
пристрої –
наявність
–
Завдання
4. Доповніть
наступні речення:
1. Electricity
is an obedient force
ready _____.
2. Geiger
counters detect _____.
3. Electricity
is used to transmit _____.
4. _____
are electrically operated.
5. _____
without the aid of electricity.
6. X-ray
machines are used in industry _____.
7. Electric
motors operate a lot of electric appliances such as _____.
Завдання
5. Підберіть
антоніми.
1.
difficult |
a.decrease |
2.
presence |
b.separable |
3.
indirectly |
c.easy |
4.
obedient |
d.directly |
5.
much |
e.often |
6.
modern |
f.unusual |
7.
inseparable |
g.little |
8.
seldom |
h.ancient |
9.
increase |
i.absence |
10.
usual |
j.disobedient |
Завдання
6. Підставте пропущені слова.
minicomputers,
daily, applications, refrigerators, ores, job, communication |
What
industrial _____ of electricity do you know?
Electricity
has become a part of our _____ life.
The
electronic industry produces several types of _____ .
A
great number of people use TV- sets,
vacuum
cleaners,
washing
machines, _____ and electric cookers.
Electric
devices always do their
_____
for us.
The
role of electricity for _____ and automation is great.
Geiger
counters detect the presence of uranium _____.
Завдання
7. Виберіть правильний варіант закінчення
поданих речень
1.
Electricity
is the basic of electronics which |
a.
doubles
every ten years |
2.
Our
life has been completely transformed |
b.
without
the aid of electricity. |
3.The
consumption of electricity |
c.
is
doing much of the routine brain work. |
4.
Little
could be done in modern research laboratory |
d.
has
become universal. |
5.
Electric
power |
e.
with
the appearance of electricity. |
6.
Radio uses an electrical energy |
f.
it does not pollute the environment. |
7.
One of the main advantages of electricity is that |
g.
we do in the modern world. |
8.
Computers control nearly everything |
h.
to transmit sounds, images, telegraph signals at different
distance. |
Завдання
8. Оберіть правильне тлумачення до
кожного слова.
1.razor |
a.
a room or building for doing scientific experiments. |
2.nuclear
energy |
b.
hard physical or mental work. |
3.X-ray |
c.
a metal-bearing mineral or rock that can be mined. |
4.laboratory |
d.
help or support; assistance. |
5.aid |
e.
energy released by reactions within atomic nuclei. |
6.labour |
f.
a sharp-edged instrument used for shaving hair from skin. |
7.ore |
g.
radiation capable of passing through solids. |
Завдання
9. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст не
користуючись словником.
Before
Faradays inventions in the field of electricity and magnetism the
only source of electricity that was used was the galvanic battery.
It made possible some practical applications: the electric light and
electric telegraph. The practical use of electricity on a large
scale became possible after developing electromagnetic machines,
generators
and transformers. Is considered that the development of the
induction motor has become the most important technical achievement.
At first,
the
induction motor had a constant and unchangeable speed. Some years
later a motor with two speed was designed. Since its invention the
induction motor has been considerably improved and its power
increased. But the principle of operation still remains the same.
Додаткові тексти для реферування
Industries in great britain
Great
Britain is a powerful industrial country. It has highly developed
heavy industry and shipbuilding. It builds ships and manufactures
machinery, chemicals and electronics.
Great
Britain accumulated great, wealth from the plunder of its colonies
and dependencies. Having large deposits of coal and iron ore and
using mechanical improvements and inventions, Great Britain
outstripped all the other European countries at the beginning of the
19th century. Great Britain was the first to use power driven
machinery, the first to have large factories and plants. It is a
great producer of coal and steel now too.
The
industries are concentrated mainly in the central part of the
country. Such industrial cities as Birmingham, Liverpool, Sheffield,
Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds are known all over the world. Birmingham
is the largest manufacturing centre in this district and the second
largest city in Great Britain. It is famous for its high-quality
steel, metalware and machinery, automobile, aircraft and
electro-technical equipment. Railway cars, motor cars, scientific
instruments, heavy armaments, weaving looms are also produced in
Great Britain.
One
of the leading industries is the textile industry. The main centres
of the textile industry are Liverpool and Manchester. Besides
Liverpool is a large seaport. Imports passing through Liverpool
consist of cotton, wool, non-ferrous metals and oil; exports consist
of fabrics, yarn, textile machinery, electrical equipment and
chemicals. Great Britain exports also motor-cars, aircraft and other
machines, as well as electro-technical apparatus.
Stafford
and Warwick abound in collieries, iron-foundries and potteries. The
manufacture of china and pottery is mainly concentrated in
Staffordshire where cups and saucers, plates and dishes, and other
articles are made of clay or other earthy materials.
Paper
is manufactured on a considerable scale in Ireland. The capital of
England, London, is also a city with highly developed engineering
industries.
Great
Britain is largely dependent on foreign trade. At the beginning of
the 20th century competition with other countries became greater,
and Great Britain lost its economic domination.
STANDARDIZATION
—
AN
IMPORTANT STATE TASK
Acceleration
of scientific and technical progress is closely linked with raising
the technical level and quality of the machines produced (tractors,
cars, machine-tools, TV-sets, refrigerators, etc.). Their production
requires numerous units, components, reliability and durability of
the final product.
With
the demand of constant improvement of the technical level and
quality of production, standards have become one of the most
important state tasks. Improvement of standards has assumed a
special importance. Therefore, parameters must be determined that
would dictate the need for the whole of industry to produce only
high-quality commodities. It is obviously necessary to single out
five or six leading standards for the principal machines and
mechanisms, for the final product, which, reaching the highest
technical level, would enable us at the same time to raise the
quality of other products too.
Now,
what standards are the leading ones? In the first place, those that
reflect the output of a certain type of mechanisms. Second, material
consumption. The third group of standards points to the limits of
energy consumption. The fourth group has to do with reliability.
Finally, the fifth group of standards is oriented, on the whole,
towards attaining the specified economic efficiency of the product.
In
connection with standards it should be stressed that the machines
must be designed according to the standards which will be
characteristic of the future, not only the present, development of
the given industry.
The
chief task of our industry is to ensure production of machines,
equipment, tools and materials conforming to the highest world
standards, and substantially boost labour productivity in all
branches of the national economy. To solve this task, it is
necessary to work out fundamentally new kinds of mechanisms and
technology, to retool production continually and on a broad scale,
to implement its all-round mechanization and automation, to raise
the level and effectiveness of research and standards.
In cooperation with nature
The
activities of man today match the forces of nature. V. I. Vernadsky
wrote: "Mankind taken as a whole is becoming a powerful
geological force. And the question arising before it, before its
intellect and labour, is one of rebuilding the biosphere in the
interest of humanity as a freely-thinking race".
Volodymyr
Ivanovych Vernadsky (1863-1945), academician, an outstanding
Ukrainian scientist, naturalist was the founder of geochemistry,
biochemistry and radiogeology. It was largely due to his ideas that
the concept of man's absolute domination of nature gave way to that
of relations between equal partners. It was still in the 1950s that
teachers in natural science lectured on the conquering of nature.
Acad. Vernadsky taught that nature is not to be conquered, but
rather cherished and cooperated with.
V.
I. Vernadsky was born in St. Petersburg in the family of Prof. I. V.
Vernadsky who was a relative of the well-known writer V. G.
Korolenko. In 1885 he graduated from St. Petersburg University. In
the years 1898-1911 he was professor of mineralogy and
crystallography at Moscow University. In this period he studied the
deposits of iron ores in Kryvyi Rih and later (in 1915) — the
natural productive resources of Russia and Ukraine.
After
1917 V. I. Vernadsky became one of the most active organizers of
science. With a group of scientists he organized the Ukrainian
Academy of Sciences which was established in 1919. He became its
first President. The Academy included sections of historical and
philological, physical and mathematical, social and economic
sciences. He was one of the main founders of the State Public
Library in Kiev.
On
Vernadsky's initiative and with his most active participation
important scientific institutions were organized: the State Radium
Institute (1922), the Commission on the History of Knowledge (1926),
the Section of Living Matter (1927) later transformed into the
Biogeochemical Laboratory, and others. Acad. Vernadsky enriched our
science with profound ideas in modern mineralogy, geology,
hydrogeology, etc. His works laid the basis for the theory of the
feasibility of man's transforming the biosphere into a "noosphere",
a sphere of reason (from Greek "noos" — "reason")
— a science dealing v
with
the interaction between nature and man. The noosphere involves a
balanced relationship between man and the environment, the absence
of pollution, the use of natural resources in ways harmless to
nature, and the scientific management of ecosystems. Vernadsky
stressed that the development of the noosphere is the common and
only intelligent way for the Earth dwellers to face their future.
The
talented scientist gave much energy and attention to training
scientists. He was Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences
since
1909
and the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine since
1919.
He was elected an Honorary Member of the Czechoslovak and Paris
Academies of Sciences, many home and foreign scientific societies.
The scientist's merits were highly appreciated by his descendants.
The year
1972
saw
the establishment of the V. I. Vernadsky Prize of the Ukrainian
Academy of Sciences, a boulevard in Kiev was named after him in
1973
where a monument to the great scientist was erected in
1981.
Now the Central Scientific Library in Kiev bears the name of V. I.
Vernadsky.
COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
Computer
graphics are known to be pictures and drawings produced by
computers. A graphics program interprets the input provided by the
user and transports it into images that can be displayed on the
screen, printed on paper or transferred to microfilm. In the process
the computer uses hundreds of mathematical formulas to convert the
bits of data into precise shapes and colours. Graphics can be
developed for a variety of uses including illustrations,
architectural designs and detailed engineering drawings.
Mechanical
engineering uses sophisticated programs for applications in
computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
In the car industry CAD software is used to develop, model and test
car designs before the actual parts are made. This can save a lot of
time and money.
Basically,
computer graphics help users to understand complex information
quickly by presenting it in more understandable and clearer visual
forms. Electric engineers use computer graphics for designing
circuits and in business it is possible to present information as
graphics and diagrams. These are certain to be much more effective
ways of communicating than lists of figures or long explanations.
Today,
three-dimensional graphics along with colour and computer animation
are supposed to be essential for graphic design, computer-aided
engineering (CAE) and academic research. Computer animation is the
process of creating objects and pictures which move across the
screen; it is used by scientists and engineers to analyze problems.
With appropriate software they can study the structure of objects
and how it is affected by particular changes.
A
graphic package is the software that enables the user to draw and
manipulate objects on a computer. Each graphic package has its own
facilities, as well as a wide range of basic drawing and painting
tools. The collection of tools in a package is known as a palette.
The basic geometric shapes, such as lines between two points, arcs,
circles, polygons, ellipses and even text, making graphical objects
are called «primitives». You can choose both the primitive you
want and where it should go on the screen. Moreover, you can specify
the «attributes» of each primitive, e.g., its colour, line type
and so on. The various tools in a palette usually appear together as
pop-up icons in a menu. To use one you can activate it by clicking
on it.
After
specifying the primitives and their attributes you must transform
them. Transformation means moving or manipulating the object by
translating, rotating and scaling the object.
Translation
is moving an object along an axis to somewhere else in the viewing
area. Rotation is turning the object larger or smaller in any of the
horizontal, vertical or depth direction (corresponding to the x, y
and z axis). The term «rendering» describes the techniques used to
make your object look real. Rendering includes hidden surface
removal, light sources and reflections.
HARNESSING
(ОБУЗДАНИЕ
)
THE
SPEED OF LIGHT
When
American engineer Alan Huang revealed his plans to build an optical
computer, most scientists considered this idea as hopeless. It was
impractical, if not possible, they said, to create a general-purpose
computer that could use pulses of light rather than electrical
signals to process data. During one of the scientist's lectures on
the subject, a third of the audience walked out. At another one,
some of the scientists laughed, calling the researcher a dreamer.
That
was several years ago. Now the scientist demonstrated his
experimental computing machine based on optics. It took him five
years to develop it. TV. device — a collection of lasers, lenses
and prisms — can serve as the basis for future optical computers
100 to 1,000 times as powerful as today's most advanced
supercomputers. The potential applications are remarkable: robots
that can see, computers that can design aircraft, processors that
can convert spoken words into written text and vice versa. Such
practical optical computers are still years away — some would say
light-years.
Yet
many scientists are predicting that the device will have an impact
similar to that of the integrated circuit which made small personal
computers possible.
Photons,
the basic unit of light beams, can in theory be much better than
electrons for moving signals through a computer. First of all,
photons can travel about the times as fast as electrons. And while
electrons react with one another, Harris of photons, which have no
mass or charge, can cross through one another without interference.
Thus, photons can move in free space. This could open the door to
radically new and different computer designs, including so-called
parallel processors that could work on more than one problem at a
time instead of one after another, as today's new generation
computers do.
THE
INTERNET
The
Internet is a magnificent global network with millions and millions
of computers and people connected to one another where each day
people worldwide exchange an immeasurable amount of information,
electronic mail, news, resources and, more important, ideas.
It
has grown at a surprising rate. Almost everyone has heard about it
and an increasing number of people use it regularly. The current
estimate is that over 70 million people are connected, in some way,
to the Internet — whether they know it or not.
With
a few touches at a keyboard a person can get access to materials in
almost everywhere. One can have access to full-text newspapers,
magazines, journals, reference works, and even books. The Web is one
of the best resources for up-to-date information. It is a
hypertext-based system by which you can navigate through the
Internet. Hypertext is the text that contains links to other
documents. A special program Known
as
«browser» can help you find news, pictures, virtual museums,
electronic magazines, etc. and print Web pages. You can also click
on keywords or buttons that take you to other pages or other Web
sites. This is possible because browsers understand hypertext markup
language or code, a set of commands to indicate how a Web page is
formatted and displayed.
Internet
Video conferencing programs enable users to talk to and see each
other, exchange textual and graphical information, and collaborate.
Internet
TV sets allow you to surf the Web and have e-mail while you are
watching TV, or vice versa. Imagine watching a film on TV and
simultaneously accessing a Web site where you get information on the
actors of the film. The next generation of Internet-enabled
televisions will incorporate a smart-card for home shopping, banking
and other interactive services.
Internet
-enabled TV means a TV set used as an Internet device.
The
Internet is a good example of a wide area network (WAN). For
long-distance or worldwide communications, computers are usually
connected into a wide area network to form a single integrated
network. Networks can be linked together by telephone lines or
fibre-optic cables. Modern telecommunication systems use fibre-optic
cables because the/offer considerable advantages. The cables require
little physical space, they are safe as they don't carry
electricity, and they avoid electromagnetic interference.
Networks
on different continents can also be connected via satellites.
Computers are connected by means of a modem to ordinary telephone
lines or fibre-optic cables, which are linked to a dish aerial.
Communication satellites receive and send signals on a
transcontinental scale.
LANGUAGE
IN
THE LIFE OF MAN AND HUMAN SOCIETY
Human
language is the most astonishing creation of man. It helps us to
think, to express our thoughts and to understand each other. We make
use of it in practically everything we do.
Language
is a means of communication in human society. People can use other
means of communication, such as red lights or flags, but these signs
are interpreted into human language. So language is the normal form
and the main means of communication in human society.
We
cannot say anything definite about the origin of language. But we
realize now that language is a product of human society and it can
exist only in human society.
Man
(‘’homo sapiens’’) is the only living being with the power
of speech. The appearance of language on our planet is as recent as
the appearance of man himself. Labor and language are distinctive
and exclusive marks of human being. Without them the growth and
progress of human society is unthinkable.
Human
speech differs greatly from the signal-like actions of animals, even
of those which use the voice. Dogs, for instance, make only two or
three kinds of noise – say barking, growling and whining. In human
speech different sound combinations have different meanings.
Primitive
people had a few hundred words at the most. Today highly cultured
nations have more than seven hundred thousand words in their
dictionaries. This means that now people can communicate by words
much better than they did it in the remote past. The rapid growth of
the vocabulary of modern language is due to the development of
science and technology.
But
spoken languages were easy to forget; so people invented writing to
record them. Writing is a way of recording language by means of
visible marks. The first form of writing was picture writing.
Symbols representing the sounds of a language appeared much later.
The art of writing made possible to fix thoughts and store
knowledge, and to pass them on from one generation to another.
Mankind
speaks many languages. A group of people who use the same system of
speech signals is a speech community. Speech-communities differ
greatly in size. An American Indian tribe of only a few hundred
persons speaks languages of its own. On the other hand, there are
some speech communities that are very large.
English
has several hundred million native speakers. For them English is
their mother tongue. Millions of people with some other native
language learn English for business, professional or political
purposes. For them English is not their mother tongue but a foreign
language. Ukrainian, Russian, French, German, Chinese and some other
languages also have vast numbers of speakers.
There
are people who know three, four, five or six languages. They are
polyglots. They study languages because knowledge of languages is
their specialty or hobby. For modern engineer and research worker it
is absolutely necessary to have practical command of foreign
languages. A scientist who can read the literature of his field in
several languages has a much better grasp of the subject.
Learning
foreign languages enriches the native language, makes it clearer,
more flexible and expressive.
ECONOMIC-TECHNICAL
DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGY PROBLEM
For
millennia man had to struggle against nature in order to survive and
develop. For many thousands of years man remained weak while nature
was omnipotent.
However,
as economy developed, the scientific and technological revolution
increased, the correlation of forces between man and nature changed.
Man gradually grew so strong that he dared to declare himself the
‘’king of nature’’ and contemplated conquering and remolding
nature to his liking. In his conquer of nature man became so great
that his economic achievements began to have an increasingly
negative effect on nature, on the biosphere.
Roads
and factory construction and industrial development take away to
seven million hectares of land every year. Forest disappears at a
rate of some 20 hectares a minute. According to the International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Resources, 76 animal species
and several hundred plant species of the Earth became extinct in the
last 60 years alone.
Today,
animal and plants perish not so much due to hunting, fishing or
open-cast mining, as due to the production of chemical and other
industrial pollutions, poisoning the biosphere.
Each
year the world economy ejects into the atmosphere over 200 million
of carbon monoxide, more than 50 million tons of diverse
hydrocarbons, over 120 million tons of ash and nearly 150 million
tons of sulphur dioxide. They fall back upon the Earth in the form
of ‘’acid rain’’. Expansion of man’s activities in outer
space and mastering nuclear energy make the relationship between man
and nature still more complicated.
In
the view of this, nature and environment protection is one of the
major ecological problems. Today, it is clear that economic, social,
technological and biological processes are closely interrelated. We
must consider modern production as a complicated
ecological-economical system. Only a strictly scientific approach to
the industrial-technological development can solve ecological
problems.
Nature
and environment protection is one of the major functions of the
state. Today, more and more people in various countries begin to
understand that countries both far and near one another are
ecologically interdependent. Therefore all nations must cooperate in
solving global problems of ecology.
II Семестр
UNIT
9
Завдання
1. Прочитайте та перекладiть
текст.
HYDROGEN
AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
Many
scientists call hydrogen the fuel of the future. It is the lightest
of all gases arid contains two times as many thermal calories as the
same amount of gasoline. It is an excellent, ecologically clean
fuel. But unlike the conventional fuels-firewood, coal, oil and
natural gas it is practically non-existent in its pure forms on
Earth. Scientists have developed a highly-effective technological
method of obtaining hydrogen from gas. Before gas reaches the
burners in the boilers of power stations, valuable components such
as acetylene, carbon black, graphit and hydrogen are extracted from
it.
Hydrogen
can also be obtained from water. For this water has to be split.
Hydrogen
can very effectively he used as a fuel by power stations. It is
widely used in the petrochemical and metallurgical industries.
Extensive tests have been made with motor vehicles using hydrogen as
fuel. The engines worked perfectly, more efficiently than on petrol,
and they did not heat up as much. Drivers in the Arctic were very
enthusiastic, because liquid hydrogen is not affected by harsh
frost, and so engines start easily. Hydrogen also seems very
promising as a fuel in aviation. All the engines furnaces, heating
systems, as well as a mass of other devices, now operating on oil,
oil products, natural gas or coal can be adapted to hydrogen fuel.
Hydrogen
as a source of energy is becoming increasingly important. It offers
advantages not only in terms of ecological cleanliness and
high-heating power, but also in terms of ease of transportation.
Even if hydrogen were the only component extracted from natural gas,
it would still be economically worthwhile to process gas.
The advantages are twofold economic and environmental.
Experts
say that in the 21st century hydrogen will be obtained by
thermochemical decomposition of water.
At
present, here there are such problems as how to obtain cheap,
commercially profitable hydrogen from water, or how to store
hydrogen in a frozen, i. e. liquid state. But present-day
technology, and even more so, the technology of the future, are
capable of coping with these problems.
Vocabulary
notes
burner
– форсунка
to
adapt – пристосовуватися
two-fold
– подвійний
to
cope
with
– справлятися
(з чим-небудь)
Завдання
2.Надайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
Why
do the scientists call hydrogen the fuel of the future?
What
technological method have the scientists developed?
What
valuable components are extracted from gas?
Is
hydrogen used as a fuel in aviation?
What
advantages can hydrogen offer?
How
will hydrogen be obtained?
Is
it economically worthwhile to process hydrogen?
Will
it be possible to obtain cheap, commercially profitable hydrogen
from water?
Завдання
3.Перекладіть наведені слова та
словосполучення українською мовою.
1.Firewood
-
Valuable
components –
Carbon
black –
To
obtain –
Petrochemical
industry –
Vehicle
–
Harsh
frost –
Promising
–
High-heating
power –
Decomposition
-
Завдання
4. Перекладіть наведені слова та
словосполучення англійською мовою.
на
відміну від –
виділяти
-
вугілля
-
вартий,корисний
-
рідкий
стан -
сучасна
технологія -
обширні
випробування -
двигун
-
досягати
-
справлятись
з чим-небудь -
Завдання
5.Складіть речення з запропонованих
слів.
1.from,
be
obtained, water,
can, also, hydrogen.
liquid,
by, harsh, hydrogen, isn’t affected, frost.
in,
aviation, hydrogen, is used, a fuel, as.
it,
non-existent, on Earth, is, practically, in, forms, its pure.
scientists,
method, technological, of, hydrogen, gas, a highly-effective, have
developed, from, obtaining.
Завдання
6.Визначте які з поданих тверджень
правдиві:
«Так» + «Ні» -
1.Gasoline
contains two times as many thermal calories as the same amount of
hydrogen.
The
engines heated up because they worked on hydrogen.
Liquid
hydrogen is not affected by harsh frost.
A
lot of devices, now operating on oil products and natural gas can
be adapted to hydrogen fuel.
After
gas reaches the burners in the boilers all valuable components are
extracted from hydrogen.
To
obtain hydrogen from water is possible. For this water has to be
split.
Science
isn’t capable of coping with such problems as to obtain cheap
hydrogen from water.
Завдання
7.
Виберіть
правильний варіант закінчення поданих
речень
Hydrogen
is practically non-existent |
can
be explained by the structure of the atom. |
Reliability
of every vehicle should be paid great attention to |
obtaining
hydrogen from gas. |
Scientists
have developed a highly-effective method of |
they
did not heat up as much. |
The
climate in this part of the world |
in
the pure forms on Earth |
The
chemical properties of different elements |
during
the production process. |
The
engines on hydrogen worked more efficiently and |
is
the most suitable for people to live in |
Завдання
8.Оберіть правильне тлумачення до
кожного словa.
1.thermostat |
a.
turned into ice |
2.
light |
b.
container in which water is heated to make steam |
3.
frozen |
c.
a structure in which heat is generated such as for heating
houses, melting metal |
4.
calorie |
d.
a device that measures and also controls temperature. |
5.
mass |
e.
little weight; not heavy. |
6.
boiler |
f.
a unit of the amount of heat or energy; |
7.furnace |
g.
a large number of; a great deal of. |
UNIT
10
Завдання
1.
Прочитайте та перекладіть
текст.
SOURCES
OF POWER ENGINEERING TODAY
Power
in its perfect form – electric power – determines the pace of
the technological advance of mankind.
The
numerous machines, mechanisms and automatic devices functioning in
industry, agriculture, transport and everyday life depend upon power
production. In the twentieth century, mankind’s progress depends
not only on electricity output, but also on the efficiency of
application of electricity all spheres of the national economy.
The
extensive consumption of electricity and its key role in developing
the productive forces is accounted for by its high efficiency and
huge advantages over other types of energy. It is the cleanest, most
universal and efficient. Electricity can be transmitted over long
distances. It is easily distributed among numerous consumers, or on
the contrary, can be concentrated into gigantic capacities.
Electricity has a revolutionizing affect on machinery and technology
in all spheres of economy. This accounts for the priority given to
the accelerated development of electricity all over the world.
For
quite a long time man has been using wind, water and other
conventional sources for producing electric power.
Beginning
with the taming of the fire man has been continually looking for new
sources of energy. First, there was firewood; then came coal. In the
20th
century oil and natural gas began to be used on a large scale. Now
man has discovered a source of heat and light millions of times more
effective: one gram of nuclear fuel is equivalent to several tons of
coal or oil. World reserves of nuclear fuel (including lean ores)
exceed manifold the reserves of mineral fuels.
Therefore
we often say that our time is the beginning of the age of atomic
power. Today the application of atomic power to generate electricity
is becoming increasingly broader. It is the greatest potential
capable of meeting mankind’s growing requirements in electricity.
Natural fuels like coal, gas, oil are being drained rapidly. Nuclear
and later, thermonuclear energy will be decisive in energy supply.
That’s
why the problem of using atomic power for production of electricity
is of great interest, and scientists in different countries give
much attention to it.
The
world’s first experimental atomic power station was put into
operation in 1954. Its capacity was nothing extraordinary (five
thousand kilowatts), but it started a new stage in the peaceful use
of atomic power.
With
time going on, specialists’ experience is growing and reactors are
becoming more specialized, bigger and more efficient. The atomic
power plants and nuclear reactors of various types, which have been
built and are being built, may differ considerably from one another.
Power
generated by atomic stations may be cheaper than that generated by
stations burning oil or coal from the Donbas, if only we pay
attention to the problem of reliability and safety as regards people
and environment. Otherwise, as the Chornobyl catastrophe shows, the
nuclear energy may be too expensive.
Atomic
power stations are ecologically cleaner than the traditional
fuel-burning stations, if technical and technological requirements
are strictly observed.
The
successful development of atomic power engineering is a key factor
in further raising power production.
The
prospects of atomic power generation become virtually unlimited with
the creation of thermonuclear power stations, fast-breeder reactors
and direct transformation of atomic power into electricity.
However,
after the Chornobyl catastrophe it became necessary to reconsider
and reduce the programmes of the development of atomic power
engineering in Ukraine.
Vocabulary
notes
is
accounted for – пояснюється
fast-breeder
reactor – ядерний
реактор-розмножувач
Завдання
2. Надайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
Does
our everyday life depend upon power production?
Why
has the use of electricity advantages over other types of energy?
What
sources of power has a man discovered lately?
What
types of energy will be decisive in energy supply?
When
was a new stage in the peaceful use of atomic power started?
Are
atomic power stations reliable and safe?
What
happened in Chornobyl in 1986?
What
are the prospects of atomic power generation?
Завдання
3. Перекладіть наведені слова та
словосполучення англійською мовою.
Споживання
електроенергії
Великі
переваги
Ядерне
паливо
Перевищувати
Надійність
та безпека
Потужність
Вводити
в дію
Досвід
Реактор
на швидких нейтронах
Технологічні
вимоги
Завдання
4.
Утворіть
словосполучення з наданих слів
productive |
a.
requirements |
experimental |
b.
capacities |
mineral |
c.
consumers |
technological |
d.
stations |
fuel-burning |
e.
resources |
high |
f.
use of atomic power |
gigantic |
g.
efficiency |
peaceful |
h.
forces |
numerous |
i.
reactors |
nuclear |
j.
atomic power station |
Завдання
5.
Знайдіть
пари слів, що є синонімами.
Tiny
– small; to disappear – to appear; to start – to begin; short
- long; huge – very large; less – more; advantages –
disadvantages; advance – progress; small – large; possible –
impossible; true – untrue; major – main; cheap – expensive;
limited – unlimited; to report – to announce; nowadays – at
present; often – seldom; usually – commonly; different -
various.
Завдання
6. Закресліть речення, які не належать
до теми «Sources
of
Power
Engineering».
The
Japanese companies developed the first pocket-size color television
set.
For
a long time man has been using wind and water for producing
electric power.
Natural
fuels like coal, gas, oil are being drained rapidly.
Computers
control nearly everything we do in the modern world.
Nature
and environment protection is one of the major functions of the
state.
The
capacity of the first atomic power station was five thousand
kilowatts.
Power
generated by atomic stations may be cheaper and ecologically
cleaner.
Modern
industry requires materials capable of working in diverse
conditions.
Mankind’s
progress depends on the efficiency of application of electricity in
all spheres of the national economy.
Завдання
7. Підставте пропущені прийменники.
-
over,
about, for (2), in, by (2), on |
Scientists
are looking _____
new
sources of energy.
Electricity
can be transmitted _____long distances.
The
problem of using atomic power _____ production of electricity is of
great interest.
Heat
generated _____
atomic
power stations is twice cheaper than that generated _____
fuel-burning
stations.
What
do you know _____
the
Chornobyl catastrophe?
Nuclear
and later, thermonuclear energy will be decisive _____
energy
supply.
Atomic
power engineering _____
fast
neutrons is particularly promising.
Завдання
8. Виберіть правильний варіант закінчення
поданих речень.
The
first experimental atomic power station |
a.
into gigantic capacities. |
Natural
fuels like coal, gas, oil |
b.
is equivalent to several tons of coal or oil. |
Electricity
can be concentrated |
c.
which charges a battery. |
The
heat energy produced by the reactor |
d.
started a new era in the peaceful use of atomic power. |
There
is hydrogen |
e.
is used to make steam. |
One
gram of nuclear fuel |
f.
are being drained rapidly. |
The
solar panel produces electricity |
g.
in the ocean water and in the earth
atmosphere
|
Завдання
9.
Оберіть
правильне тлумачення до кожного слова.
1.
fuel |
a.
careful study of a subject in order to discover facts, theories,
etc. |
2.
on the contrary |
b.
a rate of movement, speed. |
3.age |
c.
to send or pass from one person or place to another. |
4.
environment |
d.
the length of time during which a being or thing has existed. |
5.
pace |
e.
matter that can be burned to create heat or power. |
6.
transmit |
f.
the external factors and forces surrounding and affecting
an
organism, person or population. |
7.
research |
g.
in opposition to what has been stated. |
UNIT
11
Завдання
1.
Прочитайте та
перекладіть
текст.
MAN’S
ACTIVITY AND NATURE
The
story of man’s civilization is the story of his cognition of
nature and the application of his knowledge in his life.
Primitive
man was born, lived, and died with little change in his mode of from
generation to generation. Little by little man learned to make and
use tools, first of stones and later of metals and other materials.
Still later the development of writing and counting were put into
use. The progress was slow since rapid advances were possible until
man began to gather data and think through theories.
Only
after man adopted the scientific method of studying his environment
the development of civilization has become increasingly rapid in
various fields of knowledge and technology.
Science
and technique have change human life unrecognizably. Never before in
history have there been such rapid changes in our way of life as at
the present period. Scientists are making new discoveries overnight.
Our homes, our food and clothing, our sources of power, our means of
travel and communication, our health facilities, are being affected
by these discoveries.
Using
the discoveries of science man created thousands upon thousands of
plants, factories and other industrial facilities for his “conquer”
of nature.
Human
“achievements” in conquering nature have become so great that
man’s economic activity began to have an increasingly negative
effect on the biosphere.
While
“blank spots” have practically disappeared from the Earth’s
geographical map, the “blank spots” marking deserts, felled
forests and other areas of ecological disaster are expanding at a
frightening pace. In mastering nuclear energy man has developed a
power which, unless controlled by his intellect, could extinguish
life and snuff out our planet’s blue glow. Nature’s vitally
important capacity to purify itself of industrial and other wastes
has been nearly exhausted.
The
activities of man today match the forces of nature. The relationship
between man and nature has become one of the major problems facing
civilization today.
Many
people have begun to reappraise their values and to understand that
one of the central causes of the ecological crisis is a consumer’s
attitude to nature. People began to realize that the scale and
impact of human activity are not only significant to regions and
countries, but also to the planet as a whole. We now realize that
nature is not destroyed by scientific and technological progress
itself, but rather by whom and how this progress is employed. The
danger to nature stems not only from the growing scope of production
but also from the inadequacy of the existing technologies. Thus the
correlation of economic and ecological interests is extremely
important if mankind wants to survive.
Environmental
protection policies must be raised to the state level in all
countries. The achievements of the scientific and technological
revolution must be used in the solution of ecological problems.
Environmental protection must be regarded as an important element of
the social policy of all the countries. Capital investments for
environmental protection must be increased considerably.
Free-of-waste production must be developed to harmonize the
relationship between man and nature. The development of wasteless
and resourcesaving technologies presents an urgent economic problem
to our country.
Environmental
protection is a task requiring the joint efforts of government
agencies and public organizations. Controlling the observance of
environmental legislation is an important role of nature-protection
societies.
All
these rates and norms are closely interlinked and serve to fulfil
the basic social task of protecting the health of the present
generation and future generations as well.
Vocabulary
notes
cognition
of nature – пізнання
природи
health
facilities – засоби
охорони здоров’я
at
a frightening pace – з
надзвичайною швидкістю
free-of-waste
production – безвідходне
виробництво
Завдання
2. Надайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
1.
What changed human life beyond recognition?
2.
Where can we see the results of scientific discoveries?
3.
Is man’s economic activity always positive?
4.
What other “blank spots” have appeared on the geographical map
of the Earth?
5.
What does the consumer’s attitude to nature bring to?
6.
Is it the scientific and technological progress that destroys
nature?
7.
What should be done if mankind wants to survive?
8.
What can the development of wasteless and resource-saving
technologies give to mankind?
9.
What can you say about the nature-protection activity of the people?
Завдання
3. Перекладіть наведені слова та
словосполучення українською мовою.
1.
Application
2.
Health facilities
3.
To purify itself
4.
Growing scope of production
5.
Correlation
6.
Relationship between man and nature
7.
Resource-saving technologies
8.
Means of travel
9.
Capital investment
10.
Ecological disaster
Завдання
4. Перекладіть наведені слова та
словосполучення англійською мовою.
1.
Пізнання природи
2.
Спосіб життя
3.
Джерело енергії
4.
З надзвичайною швидкістю
5.
Охорона навколишнього середовища
6.
Оволодівати ядерною енергією
7.
Споживацьке ставлення
8.
Безвідходне виробництво
9.
Небезпека, загроза
10.
Масштаб виробництва
Завдання
5. Знайдіть пари синонімів з запропонованих
слів.
Tremendous,
epoch, realize, several, work, progress, great, field, era,
understand, make it possible, different, achieve, some, advance,
enable, area, various, reach, essential, job, important.
Завдання
6. Підберіть антоніми.
1.
long |
a.
absence |
2.
forward |
b.permanent |
3.
increase |
c.
rapid |
4.
heavy |
d.
short |
5.
slow |
e.
lightweight |
6.
invisible |
f.
complexity |
7.
changing |
g.
rearward |
8.
with |
h.
inward |
9.
simplicity |
i.
visible |
10.
rise |
j.
without |
11.
presence |
k.
decrease |
12.
outward |
e.
fall |
Завдання
7. Підставте пропущені слова замість
крапок.
experimental
work; pollution; overnight; achievements; radioactivity;
population; extinguish |
1.
Scientists are making new discoveries…..
2.
Why is the problem of water…..becoming a global problem?
3.
Many scientists are constantly carrying out…..to solve the problem
of environment protection.
4.
The…..of the scientific and technological revolution must be used
in the solution of ecological problems.
5.
Increasing growth of….., industrialization and the use of
resources are slowly changing the global climate and water balance.
6.
Nuclear power which, unless controlled by man’s intellect ,
could…..life on our planet.
7.
A large population could be exposed to dangerous amount of…..in a
number of ways.
Завдання
8. Виберіть правильний варіант закінчення
поданих речень.
1.
At
present one of the most important problems for mankind |
a.
to have a negative effect on the biosphere. |
2.
For millennia man had to struggle against nature |
b.
the noise of powerful jet airliners taking off and landing. |
3.
The rivers, seas and oceans |
c.
is that air and water pollution is reaching very large
proportions. |
4.
Environmental protection is a task requiring the joint efforts of |
d.
to protect the big cities from pollution. |
5.
Man’s economic activity began |
e.
in order to survive and develop. |
6.
People living near airports suffer from |
f.
government agencies and public organizations. |
7.
Some experts consider that it is practically impossible |
g.
are becoming seriously polluted by industry. |
Завдання
9. Напишіть 10-15 слів та словосполучень,
які ви запам’ятали з теми “Environment
protection”
Завдання
10. Оберіть правильне тлумачення до
кожного слова.
1.
generation |
a.
the mental act of learning; understanding, perception |
2.
disaster |
b.
the part of the world where organism can live |
3.
cognition |
c.
an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of
culture has been reached |
4.
biosphere |
d.
to remain alive; continue to exist |
5.
health |
e.
the entire group of individuals born and living at about the same
time |
6.
civilization |
f.
an event causing great loss, hardship or suffering to many people |
7.
survive |
g.
the general condition of the body or mind |
UNIT
12
Завдання
1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
BASIC
FACTS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS
In
recent years tremendous advances have been made in the development
of various branches of physics.
The
most remarkable researchers of the twentieth century have
substantiated two ideas about the nature of the matter which the
Greek philosophers formulated twenty centuries ago. One is the
theory that the many thousand of substances which exist in the world
are formed out of a small number of simpler substances or molecules.
The other theory is that matter is constructed out of tiny particles
or units, the so-called atoms of matter.
The
modern scientist is convinced of the existence of molecules and
atoms. Everything in and on the earth, the moon, the sun, and all
other stars, is made of atoms. Billions of atoms together make
everything that exists. Take a handful of air, and you will hold
billions of atoms.
Look
at your handful of atoms. You can not see a single one, no matter
how hard you look, for every atom is too small to seen even with a
powerful microscope.
The
atoms which form the molecules are, of course, smaller than
molecules, while the electrons of which the atoms are composed are
yet smaller. From various experiments scientists concluded that the
diameter of the average molecule is about one 125,000,000th
of an inch. Since atoms compose molecule, they must be still
smaller. If each atom in an orange measured one inch in diameter,
the orange would be as large as the earth.
Molecules
all vary in size, depending upon the number and size of the atoms
which compose them. They vary from simple ones consisting of two
atoms such as the hydrogen molecules, to complex ones, like those of
starch, some of which contain as many as 2,500 atoms. Protein
molecules are even larger than this.
Not
all the atoms weigh the same amount. From the way atoms act,
scientist have been able to compare their weight and list them in a
table beginning with the lightest and ending with the heaviest. Such
a table was created in 1869 by D. I. Mendeleyev, the Great Russian
scientist.
Hydrogen,
the gas used in toy balloons, is very light. Uranium, the ore used
for atomic energy production, is the heaviest, and its atom is the
last in the table of atoms that exist naturally. Heavier ones which
follow uranium in the table have been made by man.
The
practical uses of nuclear energy are based on knowledge of the
structure of matter. Our knowledge of the internal structure of the
atom is a twentieth century achievement. It is extremely new, so new
in fact, that physicists realize that far more remains to be found
out than has already been discovered. Yet that knowledge has already
played an important part in the advance of chemistry and industry,
and most recently in the peaceful
use
of atomic energy.
Vocabulary
notes
To
be convinced of – бути
переконаним
To
substantiate - доводити,
обґрунтовувати
Far
more remains to be found out - значно
більше залишається відкрити
Contain
as many as 2500 atoms - вміщати
2500 атомів
From
the way atoms act - по
тому, як атоми поводяться
Завдання
2. Дайте відповіді на запитання.
What
are the advances of physics in our days?
What
ideas about the nature of the matter have the researchers of 20th
century substantiated?
What
do you know about the atomic theory of matter?
What
do you know about the structure of the molecule?
What
can you say about the size of molecule?
What
does the size of molecule depend on?
How
can we determine the weight of atoms?
What
parts does the atom consist of?
What
are the great discoveries of the end of the 19th
and the beginning of the 20th
century?
What
are the peaceful uses of atomic energy in the world?
Завдання
3.
Заповніть пропуски, користуючись
змістом тексту.
The
most remarkable researchers of the twentieth _____ have
substantiated two ideas about the nature of the matter.
The
modern _____ is convinced of the existence of molecules and atoms.
From
various experiments scientist concluded that the _____ of the
average molecule is about one 125000000th
of an inch.
Molecules
all vary in size depending on the number and size of the atoms
which _____ them.
The
practical uses of nuclear _____ are based on knowledge of the
structure of matter.
Завдання
4. Доберіть відповідні англійські слова
та словосполучення до наступних
українських слів.
1.Розвиток
- |
a)
energy |
b)development |
c)
physics |
d)advance |
2.
Галузь
- |
a)branch |
b)
technology |
c)balloon |
d)matter |
3.
Дослідження
- |
a)electron |
b)light |
c)research |
d)structure
|
4.
Речовина
- |
a)state |
b)
substance |
c)
science |
d)element |
5.
Знання
- |
a)particle |
b)application |
b)knowledge |
d)method |
Завдання
5. Дайте вірні визначення наступним
словам.
Energy |
a)
smallest unit of an element that can take part in a chemical
change; |
Atom |
b)
capacity to do things and get things done; |
Structure |
c)
way in which something is put together, organized; |
Compose |
d)
any air-like substance; |
Gas |
e)
to make up; |
Завдання
6. Складіть речення з запропонованих
слів.
The
smallest, unit, element, the atom, a chemical, according to, of,
science, modern, is.
Scientist,
of, established, in, the 19th
century, theory, atomic, of, matter, structure, the.
Great,
our, achievements, scientist, in, various, of, have, branches, and,
science, technology.
The
atoms, the same, amount, weigh, not, all.
Завдання7.
Доповніть речення згідно зі змістом
тексту.
In
recent years tremendous advances have been made in ______.
If
each atom in an orange measured one inch in diameter, the orange
would be______.
Billions
of atoms together make______.
From
the way atoms act, scientists have been able to compare their______
Hydrogen,
the gas in toy balloons, ______.
UNIT
13
Завдання
1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
CHEMISTRY
AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN MODRN LIFE
Everybody
knows that chemistry with its today’s possibilities is a young
science. But its history began several thousand years ago. A great
number of facts which are still useful in modern chemistry are
discovered in ancient Greece, Rome and especially Egypt. But that
knowledge was purely practical. They could not explain many things
prepared medicines from plants but could not tell what elements they
consists of.
Today,
chemistry is revolutionizing the material conditions of life of
contemporary society. Its impact on the development of production is
accounted for by the fact that many new technological methods are
based on the chemical transformation of matter, the use of
catalysis, synthetic materials and other achievements of chemistry
and chemical industry. Those methods as a rule promote the growth of
output and improve its quality, allow a more intensive use of
equipment and cut costs on material and labour.
Everybody
knows that chemistry is an extremely useful thing. We are aware of
the fact that none of the key industries can develop without
chemistry. This applies to machine-building, rocketry, agriculture;
light and building industries, medicine, national defence, etc.
There are other sciences such as biochemistry, molecular biology,
geochemistry and astrochemistry which have been considerably
affected by the progress of chemistry.
We
all realize that the successes of contemporary chemistry have been
amazingly great. Take, for instance, the chemistry of polymers.
Scientists who are working jointly with the chemical branches of
industry have created excellent polymers as far as durability and
thermal stability are concerned. In our everyday life we are using
beautiful fabrics and materials which can now be made “to order”
out of polymers obtained from natural gas, coal, shale, wood or oil.
They are much more durable, cheaper and of considerably better
quality. Polymer substances are used in making bolts, screws, bodies
for motor cars and motor boats, skis, tanks, belts, springs,
bearings, blood vessels and joints, and a lot of other quite
improbable things. We also know that almost all detergents,
fertilizers, lubricants, fuels, antifreezes, pesticides, cosmetics,
solid-state devices, energy- converters (magnets, lasers) and
thousands of other products are constructed wholly or in part of
synthetics.
In
the not too distant future, when the atom, the Sun, the heat of the
Earth, and the tides become the main sources of energy, the great
quantities of coal, oil, gas, shale and wood, which are extracted
burned up all over the world every year, will be used to make
consumer goods.
Today
we are witnessing the development of a new scientific and technical
branch – biochemical technology. The chemists-researchers have
already succeeded in determining the place and role of each atom in
a complex bioorganic compound. We are also reading quite frequently
about the scientists who can retrace and organize the processes in a
living organism and change hereditary properties by introducing
artificially created carriers of hereditary characters. The
combination of biological or micro biological processes with those
of direct chemical synthesis helps obtain new substances or
microorganisms. This also will provide humanity with unlimited
sources of food, medicines, fodder, many types of highly valuable
raw materials, etc.
We
are sure that there will be many new discoveries in chemistry. They
will create new opportunities in the future of mankind.
Vocabulary
notes
To
be aware of –
знати, усвідомлювати
Rates
of growth – темпи
зростання
Hereditary
properties – спадкові
властивості
Завдання
2. Дайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
What
is the characteristic feature of the ancient chemistry?
What
is the role of chemistry in the life of contemporary society?
Why
is chemistry an extremely useful science?
What
is the impact of modern chemistry on production?
In
what branches of industry is chemistry useful?
What
new scientific and technical branches of chemistry have appeared?
What
are the tendencies of modern chemistry?
Завдання
3.Перекладіть українською та англійською
мовою наступні словосполучення,
користуючись текстом
А)
transformation
of matter;
the
growth of output;
an
extremely useful thing;
national
defence;
bioorganic
compound;
B)
молода
наука;
досягнення
хімії;
вдосконалювати
якість;
змінити
спадкові риси;
необмежні
джерела;
Завдання
4. Доповніть речення, користуючись
змістом тексту.
A
great number of facts which are still useful in modern chemistry
were discovered in ______.
There
are such sciences as biochemistry, molecular biology, geochemistry,
astrochemistry which have been considerably affected by______.
In
the not too distant future, when the atom, the Sun, the heat of the
Earth become the main sources of energy, the great quantities of
coal, oil, gas and wood, which are extracted and burned every
year, will be used to______.
Today
we are witnessing the development of a new scientific and technical
branch - ______.
The
chemists-researchers have already succeeded in determining______.
Завдання
5.
А)
Доберіть синоніми
до поданих слів, користуючись змістом
тексту:
enormous,
significant, large, different, to behavior, to arrange, forceful;
В)
Доберіть до поданих
слів слова протилежні за значенням,
користуючись змістом
тексту:
outdated,
simple, decompose, weak, external, light, many, violent.
Завдання
6. Заповніть пропуски, користуючись
змістом тексту.
In
recent years tremendous advances have been made in the development
of various ______ of physics.
The
most remarkable researchers of the 20th
century have substantiated two ideas about ______of the matter.
The
modern______ is convinced of the existence of molecules and atoms.
Molecules
all vary in size, ______ upon the number and size of the atoms
which compose them.
Uranium,
the ore used for ______ energy production, is the heaviest, and its
atom is the last in the table of atoms that exist naturally.
Our
knowledge of the internal ______ of the atom is a 20th
century achievement.
Завдання
7. Складіть словосполучення з запропонованих
частин.
atomic |
a
)use |
peaceful |
b)
energy |
Russian |
c)
molecule |
protein |
d
)scientist |
tremendous |
e)
philosophers |
Greek |
f)
advances |
Various |
g)
experiments |
UNIT
14
Завдання
1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
LASER
TECHNOLOGY
The
next century may well become the century of lasers. This
miracle-making beam is the symbol of 20th
century technology. There is no doubt that the use of lasers will be
very widespread in the nearest future. Quite possibly, it will be as
widely used as electronic devices are today.
What
is laser? It is a device for making and concentrating light waves
into a very intense beam. The letters LASER stand for Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The light made by
a laser is much more intense than ordinary light. With ordinary
light all the light waves are of different lengths. With lasers all
the light waves are of the same length, and this increases the
intensity.
The
functioning of lasers is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics.
The laser is a device in which energy (thermal, chemical or
electric) is transformed into electromagnetic radiation energy, a
laser beam with maximally low entropy.
The
quality of laser energy is determined by the possibility of its high
concentration both in space and in time. The laser beam is first
compressed in time, i.e. transformed into a short pulse. Then it may
be compressed in space focusing it to a fine point with a diameter
of the order of alight wave length, thus obtaining energy density
which, to date, evens that of a nuclear explosion. Laser energy can
also be concentrated within a very narrow spectrum interval. This
makes the laser a very fine instrument.
The
world’s fist ruby laser had a dark- red beam. Other lasers were
then produced, whose beam oscillated in crystals of a different
composition, in semiconductors, gases, and liquids. And the beams
were blue, green or invisible – infrared. What they have in common
is that the beam is always space- bound and carries a highly pointed
and power flux of energy.
Laser
energy may be transformed practically without loss into many
familiar forms of energy.
As
each of new kinds of energy was mastered, mankind gained new
possibilities for its development. But discovery of the laser
signifies something greater than simply mastering a new kind of
energy. Wide laser application in production signifies a revolution
in the implements of labor – the most flexible and mobile element
of the productive forces.
Vocabulary
notes
of
the order of – порядку
to
master – оволодівати
implements
of labor – знаряддя праці
to
have in common – мати
щось спільне
flux
of energy – потік енергії
highly
pointed
– з надзвичайно
гострим кінцем
Завдання2.
Дайте відповіді на запитання до тексту.
What
is a laser?
Where
does the word ‘’laser’’ come from?
What
laws govern the functioning of laser?
What
is the quantity of laser energy determined by?
What
makes the laser a very fine instrument?
Where
does the laser find a wide application?
What
types of lasers can we speak of?
Завдання
3. Перекладіть англійською мовою наступні
слова та словосполучення, користуючись
змістом тексту.
Цілком
може стати, немає сумніву, найближче
майбутнє, електронний прилад, звичайне
світло, закони квантової механіки,
якість, лазерний промінь, ентропія,
визначати, отримувати, вузький інтервал,
людство, знаряддя виробництва, виробничі
сили, коливатися, напівпровідник,рідина,
відкриття.
Завдання
4. Заповніть пропуски, користуючись
змістом тексту.
This
miracle-making ______ is the symbol of the 20th
century technology.
The
light made by a laser is much more ______ than ordinary light.
The
functioning of lasers is governed by the ______ of quantum
mechanics.
The
quality of laser energy is determined by the possibility of its
high concentration both in ______ and in ______.
The
world’s first ______ laser had a dark-red beam.
Laser
energy may be transformed practically without ______ into many
familiar forms of energy.
But
discovery of the laser signifies something greater than simply
______ a new kind of energy.
Завдання
5.
Дайте
вірні
визначення наступним словам.
beam |
a)
something in which all objects exist and move; |
mechanics |
b)
ray or stream of light; |
laser |
c)
a science of motion and force; |
law |
d)a
device for generating ,amplifying light waves into an intense
beam; |
space |
e)
factual statement of what always happens in certain
circumstances. |
Завдання
6. Визначте, які речення відповідають
змісту тексту, а
які
ні.
Laser
is a device for making and concentrating light waves into a very
intense beam.
The
functioning of laser is governed by the laws of applied mechanics.
The
laser beam is first compressed in time, i.e. transformed into a
short pulse.
The
world’s first ruby laser had a dark-blue beam.
As
each of new kinds of energy was mastered, mankind gained new
possibilities for its development.
UNIT
15
Завдання
1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
ELECTRONIC
COMPUTER EVOLUTION
One
of the most progressive and dynamic branches of science and
technology is computer technology. The word computer is of Latin
origin and means ‘’counting’’. A computer is a special kind
of counting machine. It can do arithmetic problems at a tremendous
speed. By means of electrical circuits it can find the answer to a
very difficult and complicated problem with lightning speed. A
computer can ‘’remember’’ information you give it and store
it in its ‘’memory’’ until it is needed.
The
first electronic computer appeared in 1946 on the basis of
electronic vacuum tube with response number of five thousand
operations per second. As early as 1960s the second generation
appeared in which transistors were used to increase the number of
operations to 200 thousand per second.
The
appearance of integrated circuits and microprocessors gave birth to
the third generation of computers capable of performing two million
operations per second. It found wide application in all fields of
economy solving the most complex economic problems.
The
computers of the fourth generation are based on very high-capacity
integrated circuits and microprocessors able to perform 100 million
operations per second.
Now
the fifth generation of computers is widely used in production. The
PS-200 (PS stand for ‘’parallel system’’) supercomputer is
able to perform 200 million operations per second and is based on
super high-capacity integrated circuits. Here for the first time in
the world engineering practice a new parallel system concept is
used.
Any
computer performs many functions: in addition to dealing with
numbers the computer supervises the whole computing process, and
determines the sequence in which information is to arrive at its
processors. In fact, the computer takes only one-tenth of its total
operating time to do the computing, the function it is designed for.
What
is needed, therefore, is a computer with computing elements free
from all other functions. This becomes possible if supervision is
assigned to special processors acting as managers. Operating in
conjunction with computing circuits these processors give
instructions and run the queue of information to enter the processor
from storage, etc.
The
fastest computer in the USA works like an assembly line with
individual processors performing individual operations. Data have to
pass through the entire length of the conveyer, no matter how many
processors there are to process them. Our approach differs
radically. We suggest a principle whereby all processors respond to
a single control command which leaves them a certain margin of
freedom, with the possibility to sort out their data independently.
Receiving a common ‘’command’’ they all start off doing
similar operations, later switching over to successive operations
until the whole problem is solved. The efficiency of this parallel
system is obvious. First, similar operations can be handled at any
speed as it depends on the number of processors involved. Second, a
single-control system for all processors is simple and low-cost.
Vocabulary
notes
response
number - кількість реагувань
to
run the queue of information – пропускати
чергу інформації
successive
operations – послідовні операції
single-control
system
- система однокнопкового управління
Завдання
2.
Дайте відповіді на запитання до тексту.
Why
is computer technology the most progressive and dynamic branch of
science and technology?
When
did the first electronic computers appear?
What
was the response number of the first electronic computer?
When
did the second generation of computer appear?
What
was the number of operations they could perform?
What
gave birth to the third generation of computers?
What
are the computers of the fourth generation based on?
What
generation of computers is widely used in production now?
What
types of computers do you know?
Завдання
3. Доповніть
речення, користуючись змістом тексту.
One
of the most progressive and dynamic branches of science and
technology is ______.
A
computer can “remember” information you give it and in its
“memory” until _______.
The
second generation appeared in which transistors were used to
increase ________.
The
third generation of computers found wide application in all fields
of economy solving _______.
The
fastest computer in the USA works like an assembly line with
individual processors ______.
Data
have to pass through the entire length of the conveyer, no matter
how many processors there are _______.
We
suggest a principle whereby all processors respond to a single
control command which leaves them a certain margin of freedom, with
the possibility _____.
Завдання
4. Перекладіть українською мовою наступні
слова та словосполучення, користуючись
змістом тексту.
Counting
machine,
electrical circuit, computing technology, computing element,
integrated circuit, printed board, computer network, computing
process, operating time, assembly line, control system, computer
component, computer laboratory, successive operations.
Завдання
5. Підберіть слова, щоб утворити
словосполучення.
dynamic |
a)
problem |
complicated |
b
)branch |
latin |
c)
circuit |
integrated |
d)
origin |
engineering |
e)
computer |
fastest |
f)
practice |
Individual |
g)
length |
entire |
j)
processor |
Завдання
6. Дайте вірні визначення наступним
словам.
branch |
a)
electronic device which stores information and analyses it; |
computer |
b)
closed path for an electric current; |
circuit |
c)
information prepared for and operated on a computer program; |
to
store |
d)
division or subdivision of a subject, knowledge; |
data |
e)
to keep for future use; |
UNIT
16
Завдання
1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.
ROBOTS
MOVE
IN
Imagine
the real working conditions for a human operator by, for example,
transfer of a hot-formed glass tube, removal of hot metal die
castings or plastics injection. The environmental temperature is
above 50 degrees Centigrade and the melting furnaces produce direct
and unbearable heat radiation. This kind of job is very difficult,
exhausting, monotonous and unpleasant. In the case of machining
radioactive or toxic material the work becomes highly dangerous for
a man’s life.
The
necessity of some form of automated handling processes became
obvious. So robots appeared on the scene with their high safety and
reliability level. We are now surrounded by robots, big ones, little
ones and medium- sized ones. They serve us in thousands of ways
every day.
You
can find robots practically anywhere you look. In factories there
are giant robots. They pick up great amounts of raw materials and
pass them to other robots which press, stamp and shape the raw
material into a wide variety of things. Robot usage has been
expanding for industrial spraying, hot handling, assembly, welding,
etc.
According
to available data, our industry receives annually thousands of
robots of different types and purposes. Today, robotic systems,
lines and modules are already operating at the leading plants of the
motor, electrical engineering, watch-making, machine-tool
industries, etc.
Robotics
is just beginning to make inroads in industrial production
worldwide. It is not a simple process; the experts are yet to clear
up many questions. But everyone agrees even now that the robot by
itself does nothing – it must be constructively designed together
with the machine tools it is to operate and must be logically
incorporated within the system of machines, machine-tools and other
units. The problem is not to design individual robots but robotical
complexes, flexible and automated production systems that are easily
modifiable for the manufacture of ever new kinds of products.
Single-handled, even the ‘’cleverest’’ and most skilful
robot is not yet a soldier in the field. Even many robots are not
effective piecemeal, unless they are united into a technological
chain.
Specialized
enterprises are reoriented from the production of industrial robots
by piece, toward the manufacture of complete systems and robotized
complex instruments with the assessment of their performance by the
end result – the quality and volume of the production made with
their assistance.
This
task is presently being tackled by our industry and economy. Robots
release workers from monotonous and very hard work, requiring no
skilled labour, in hot shops, and in production with hazardous
working conditions.
Vocabulary
notes
plastics
injection - вдування пластмаси
hot
handling – термообробка
to
make inroads (in) – вторгатися в
single-handed
robot –
одноцільовий
робот
Завдання
2. Дайте відповіді на запитання до
тексту.
What
helps
man avoid difficult, exhausting, monotonous and dangerous work?
Where
are robots and automated complexes applied first of all?
What
can robots do?
What
do you know about robot manufacture?
When
is the use of robots especially effective?
What
is the tendency in the production of industrial robots today?
What
does the introduction of automation result in?
Завдання
3.
Доповніть речення, користуючись змістом
тексту.
The
environmental
temperature is above 50 degrees C and the melting furnaces produce
direct and ________.
In
the case of machining radioactive or toxic material the work
becomes highly ____.
The
necessity of some form of automated handling processes became ____.
So
robots appeared on the scene with their safety and ____.
Robots
pick up great amounts of raw materials and pass them to other
robots which ____.
Today
robotic systems, lines and modules are already operating at ____.
The
problem is not to design individual robots but____.
Single-handed,
even the ‘’cleverest’’ and most skilful robot is not
yet____.
Specialized
enterprises are reoriented from the production of industrial robots
by piece, toward the manufacture of ____.
Robots
release workers from monotonous and ____.
Завдання
4. Перекладіть англійською мовою наступні
слова та словосполучення, користуючись
змістом тексту:
температура
навколишнього середовища, плавильна
піч, вдування пластмаси, нестерпне
теплове випромінювання, обробка
радіоактивних або токсичних матеріалів,
надзвичайно небезпечний рівень безпеки
та надійності, роботи різних типів і
призначень, розробка виробничої
технології.
Завдання
5. А) Доберіть синоніми до поданих слів,
користуючись змістом тексту.
Clear,
big, output, elaboration, complicated, help, estimation, various;
В)
Доберіть
антоніми
до поданих слів, користуючись змістом
тексту.
Easy,
pleasant, low, narrow, difficult, old, little, similar.
Завдання
6. Складіть речення з запропонованих
частин.
Robotics
is just beginning to make |
a)
monotonous and very hard work |
According
to available data, our industry |
b)
anywhere you look. |
Robots
release workers from |
c)
receive annually thousands of robots. |
You
can find robots practically |
d)
high safety and reliability level. |
So
robots appeared on the scene with their |
е)
inroads
in industrial production. |
Додаткові тексти для реферування
DIGITAL
COMPUTERS
There
are two fundamentally different types of computers: analog and
digital. The former type solves problems by using continuously
changing data such as voltage. In current usage, the term
‘’computer’’ usually refers to high-speed digital computers.
These computers are playing an increasing role in all branches of
the economy.
Digital
computers are based on manipulating discrete binary digits (1s and
0s0). They are generally more effective than analog computers for
four principal reasons: they are faster; they are not so susceptible
to signal interference; they can transfer huge data based more
accurately; and their coded binary data are easier to store and
retrieve than the analog signals.
For
all their apparent complexity, digital computers are considered to
be simple machines. Digital computers are able to recognize only two
states in each of its millions of switches, ‘’on’’ and
‘’off’’, or high voltage or low voltage. By assigning binary
numbers to these states, 1 for ‘’on’’ and 0 for ‘’off’’,
and linking many switches together, a computer can represent any
type of data signals that is known as digitization. The real power
of a computer depends a on the speed with which it checks switches
per second. The more switches a computer checks in each cycle, the
more data it can recognize at one time and the faster it can
operate, each switch being called a binary digit bit.
A
digital computer is a complex system of four functionally different
elements: 1) the central processing unit (CPU), 2) input device, 3)
memory-storage devices called disk drives, 4) output devices. These
physical parts and all their physical components are called
hardware.
The
central processing unit is the heart of a computer. In addition to
performing arithmetic and logic operations on data, it controls the
rest of the system. Sometimes the CPU consists of several linked
microchips, each performing a separate task, but most computers
require only a single microchip as the CPU.
Input
devices let users enter commands, data or programmes for processing
by the CPU. Information typed at the computer keyboard is translated
into a series of binary numbers the CPU can manipulate. The mouse is
another widely used mechanical input device. To move the cursor on
the display screen, the user moves the mouse, selects operations and
activates commands on the screen by pressing buttons on the top of
the mouse.
The
power of computers greatly depends on the characteristics of
memory-storage devices. Most digital computers store data both
internally, in what is called main memory, and externally, on
auxiliary storage units. There exist different kinds of auxiliary
storage devices, removable magnetic disks, being the most widely
used.
Output
devices let the user see the results of the computer‘s data
processing. Being the most commonly used output device, the monitor
accepts video signals from a computer and shows different kinds of
information such as texts, formulas and graphics on tits screen.
With the help of various printers information can be easily printed
on paper in a desired number of copies.
Programmes,
also called software, are detailed sequences of instructions that
direct the computer hardware to perform useful operations. Due to a
computer’s operating system hardware and software systems can work
simultaneously. An operating system consists of a number of
programmes coordinating operations, translating the data from
different input and output devices, regulating data storage in
memory, transferring tasks to different processors, and providing
functions that help programmers to write software.
PLASTICS
Plastics
are a large and varied group of materials consisting of combinations
of carbon and oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other organic and
inorganic elements. While solid in its finished state, a plastic is
at some stage in its manufacture, liquid and capable of being formed
into various shapes. Forming is most usually done through the
application, either singly or together, of that and pressure. There
are over 40 different families of plastics in commercial use today,
and each may have dozen of subtypes and variations.
A
successful design in plastics is always a compromise among highest
performance, attractive appearance, efficient production, and lowest
cost. Achieving the best compromise requires satisfying the
mechanical requirements of the part, utilizing the most economical
resin or compound that will perform satisfactorily, and choosing a
manufacturing process compatible with the part design and material
choice.
Most
people have now outgrown the impression that plastics are low-cost
substitute materials. Those that still view plastics as cheap and
unreliable have not kept up with developments in polymer technology
for the past ten years.
Many
plastics did indeed evolve as replacements for natural products such
as rubber, ivory, silk or wool, which became unavailable or on short
supply. But the new materials did not necessarily replace the older
ones permanently nor make them obsolete. In many cases, they met an
increased demand that could not be met by the natural product alone.
Today’s
engineering resins and compounds serve in the most demanding
environments. Their toughness, strength, and corrosion resistance
have won many significant applications for these materials in
transportation, industrial and consumer products. The engineering
plastics are now challenging the domains traditionally held by
metals: truly load-bearing, structural parts.
WORLD
WIDE WEB
The
Internet originally appeared as the US Department of Defense program
called ARPANET, that is Advanced Research Projects Agency Network in
the early 1970s when the United States wanted to make sure that
people could communicate after a nuclear war. The US military
created an electronic network to use computers for handling the
transfer of large amounts of sensitive data over long distances at
incredible speed. Computer-to-computer virtual connections, using
satellites and fiber optics, have distinct advantages over telephone
or radio communications in the event of a nuclear attack. This
needed a free and independent communication network without a centre
and it led to a network of computers that could send each other
e-mail through cyberspace.
Tim
Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) when he discovered a
way to jump to different files on his computer using the random, or
unplanned, links between them. He then wrote a simple coding system,
called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), to create links to files
on any computer connected to the network. This was possible because
each file had an individual address, or URL (Uniform Resource
Locator). He then used a set of transfer rules, called HTTP (Hyper
Text Transfer Protocol), to link Web files together across the
Internet. Berners-Lee also invented the world’s first browser.
This lets you locate and view Web pages and also navigate from one
link to another.
The
WWW became available to everyone in 1991 and the number of Internet
users grew from 600,000 to 40 million in five years. By the
mid-1990s the Internet linked millions of computers throughout the
world and it is sure to be the most important commercial and popular
means of communication nowadays. The original uses of the Internet
were electronic mail, file transfer, bulletin boards and remote
computer access. Having expanded considerably the World Wide Web
enables users easily to examine the Internet sites and now it is
likely to have become the leading information service of the
Internet. Since the mid-1990s electronic commerce has become one of
the most rapidly growing retail sectors involving the use of
computer telecommunication networks for maintaining business
relationships and selling information, services and commodities.
THE
PROBLEM OF POLLUTION
People
have been changing the environment throughout history. Campfires
have sent smoke into the air. Wood has been taken from forests.
Animals have been raised for food and their bones left to litter the
area. Recently, changes have been more drastic.
Since
the Industrial Revolution, people and factories have put huge
amounts of pollutants into the earth’s air and water systems.
Pollution has increased to the point where some plants and animal
species are endangered. Poisonous or toxic wastes have entered our
food chain. Even the atmosphere is affected. Recently, concern about
pollution has grown. The governments, businesses and individuals now
are taking steps to control pollution.
Another
consequence of industrialization and population growth is the
depletion of the water supply. Industrial plants have dramatically
increased the demand for water. Manufacturing processes and a
growing population require ever-increasing amounts of water. Some
areas of the earth suffer from a shortage of usable water.
Today,
pollution affects many areas of the environment. People pollute the
air and water by adding unclean substances to them. Environmental
pollution refers to the ways people pollute their surroundings. For
example, factories and motor vehicles add harmful gases to the air.
Industries pour the waste products of the manufacturing process into
lakes and rivers. Noises from construction and traffic are sometimes
deafening. People ruin natural surroundings by littering. Hazardous
waste products, such as poisonous chemicals and radioactive
materials, are not always disposed of properly. Nearly everyone
causes environmental pollution in some way.
Firms
measure production expenses by adding the costs of all resources
used to make the product – land, labor and capital. Expenses do
not include the price of resources that have no market value, such
as water and air; therefore, pollution costs usually are not part of
production costs. Such accounting is an economically sound business
practice. Profit depends on producing the best product for the
lowest price.
STIMULATE
YOUR BRAIN
Studies
show that exercising your brain
can help improve your concentration and memory. Some scientists also
believe that it can also create a "cognitive reserve" that
will allow you to stay sharp as you grow older. You can easily
exercise your brain every day by following these simple tips.
1.
Read often. Set
time aside to read each day. However,
don't always read the same type of books. For example, if you are a
fan of mysteries, mix it up with a historical biography or science
fiction. Subscribe to several newspapers —
your local paper, the Wall Street Journal
and a trade publication that interests you. Try to read the paper
each day before leaving for work.
2.
Do puzzles. Crossword
puzzles, Sudoku and other
word puzzles are terrific ways to work your brain. What's great
about puzzles is that they are available on-line. In days gone by,
you could only find crossword puzzles in newspapers or magazines.
However, you can now choose from thousands of puzzles on the
Internet.
3.
Use your opposite hand.
If
you are right handed, try to use your
left hand to do everyday tasks (and vice versa). By switching hands,
you will be exercising the opposite side of the brain. Some tasks
will be extremely difficult at first, but over time you can train
yourself to be ambidextrous in many instances.
4.
Play video and online
games.
Despite
what you might read, not all
video games will turn your brain to mush. In fact, many games are
designed to improve your memory, develop logic, increase mental
speed and boost creativity. Look for "brain games" such as
chess, memory games, logic puzzles, word games and many others.
5.
Learn a foreign language.
One
of the most powerful ways to exercise
your mind is through learning a new language. Take a course at your
local community college or language school. If that's not
convenient, you can learn a foreign language online or by listening
to disks. There
are many other ways to exercise
your brain such as practicing meditation, doing math problems,
learning to play a musical instrument and expanding your vocabulary.
The key is to avoid getting into a routine. By changing your day to
day activities and taking on new challenges, you can improve your
mental capacity and stimulate your brain.
ONLINE
EXERCISES
TRAIN
YOUR BRAIN
Sitting
at the computer all day surfing
for new shoes or getting the latest celebrity gossip isn't going to
do much to boost your brain power. But, playing online brain games
might. A recent study proves that working memory and visual
attention can be improved through the use of web-based cognitive
training programs — "brain games". Read on to find out
just how much brain training you need to see improvements! Your
muscles don't get stronger without
consistent resistance training, and the same goes for your brain.
Research shows that cognitive exercises can improve your brain
fitness and ward off Alzheimer's and dementia down the road. Sure,
you can do the Sunday paper crossword
puzzle or even challenge your wits playing word games and riddles
with your kids. But if you are on the computer for much of your day,
online brain training may be just the thing you need to keep your
cognitive abilities sharp. And
those computer brain training games
aren't just for passing time when your boss isn't looking. Research
conducted by Lumos Labs suggests that brain games — such as those
online at Happy Neuron or used on a hand-held device, like
Nintendo's Brain Age — can significantly improve your working
memory and visual attention.
What
exactly is working memory and visual attention?
Working
memory is the process of temporarily
storing and manipulating information. It belies performance in other
activities such as logical reasoning and reading comprehension and
it bears a strong relationship with a
person's
general intelligence. Visual
attention is the allocation of
attention that determines how a person perceives his or her
environment. Changes in visual attention can affect behaviors, such
as driving and understanding changes in the environment.
The
Lumos Labs research shows that
its online training program — called Lumosity – consisting of
five different cognitive exercises can improve attention, memory,
processing speed and executive function. Exercises
used in the study included birdwatching
(a game requiring the user to identify a letter while simultaneously
detecting the location of a bird graphic somewhere else on the
screen), memory match (a speed match of previous data to current
data), and monster garden (a maze requiring the user to rely on
memory to avoid obstacles and complete a maze). Exercises in the
study provided points and increasing difficulty levels. Study
participants were able to use their
own PC and had no guidance from researchers. They were instructed to
play specified online brain games for a 20-minute session every day
for five weeks. As compared to a control group (which did not play
brain games), trained participants could more precisely locate
rapidly presented visual stimuli and better evaluate a larger scope
of visual information. Trained participants also had a significantly
larger working memory span. In
simple terms, the online games were
effective in boosting brain power.
What
does it mean for you?
Researchers
say that adults of any age can
benefit from online brain training, particularly a program that
continually adapts to a user's skill level. Best
yet, researchers suggest that a mere
10 to 20 minutes per day will show improvements in cognitive skills
in as soon as six days. Good news for those of you who can't live
without those new shoes or celebrity gossip!
LAW
OF UKRAINE ON PROTECTION OF LABOUR
This
Law determines the principal provisions in respect of the enjoyment
of the constitutional right of employees to the protection of their
life and health in the course of their labour activities, to the
proper, safe and healthy labour conditions; governs the relations
between the employer and the employee in respect of the labour
safety, hygiene and production environment issues with the
involvement of the relevant state authorities, and establishes a
uniform procedure of organising the labour protection in Ukraine.
Article
1. Definition of notions and terms
'Labour
safety' is understood as a system of legal, socio-economic,
organisational/technical, sanitary/hygiene and medical treatment and
prevention measures and facilities focused on preserving the human
life, health and ability to work in the course of the labour
activities. ‘Employer’ is understood as the owner of the
enterprise, institution, or organisation or a body authorised
thereby regardless of the ownership form, line of business, and
sector, or an individual, which/who uses the hired labour.
‘Employee’ is understood as an individual working at an
enterprise, organisation or institution and performing the duties or
functions in accordance with the labour agreement (contract).
Article
2. Scope of the law
This
Law applies to all legal entities and individuals, which/who use the
hired labour in accordance with the legislation, and to all
employees.
Article
3. Labour protection legislation
The
labour protection legislation consists of this Law, the Labour Code
of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On statutory state social
insurance against industrial incidents and occupational diseases
which have caused the loss of the ability to work" and
regulations adopted according to them. If an international treaty of
Ukraine accepted as binding by the Supreme Council (Parliament) of
Ukraine specifies rules other than those contained in the labour
protection legislation of Ukraine, the rules of the international
treaty applies.
BASIC
LAW OF UKRAINE ON COMPULSORY SOCIAL INSURANCE
In
conformity with the Constitution of Ukraine, the Basic Law of
Ukraine on compulsory social insurance (hereinafter referred to as
Basic Law) stipulates the principles and general legal, financial
and organizational basis of compulsory social insurance of citizens
in Ukraine.
Article
1. Compulsory social insurance concept
Compulsory
social insurance is a system of rights, obligations and guarantees
stipulating the granting of social security, which includes
provision to citizens in case of sickness, partial or complete
disability, loss of breadwinner, unemployment under circumstances
independent of the person's will, as well as in old age and other
cases provided for by law. These are guaranteed at the expense of
monetary funds formed of insurance premiums paid by owners or body
empowered by him (hereinafter referred to as employer), citizens, as
well as budgetary and other sources stipulated by law.
Article
2. Legislation of Ukraine on compulsory social insurance and its
targets
Legislation
of Ukraine on compulsory social insurance is made up of the present
Basic Law and other normative acts, adopted in compliance with this
law, which regulate relations in the sphere of compulsory social
insurance. If an international agreement of Ukraine, approved by the
Supreme Council of Ukraine, stipulates norms other than those
envisaged by the legislation of Ukraine on compulsory social
insurance, then applied will be the norms of the international
agreement. It is the objective of the universal state social
insurance legislation to institute guarantees related to the
protection of rights and interests of individuals entitled to
pensions and other forms of the social protection, including the
entitlement thereto in case of a disease, the permanent or
provisional loss of the ability to work, the unemployment due to
circumstances beyond of their control, the need to care for a
disabled child, a diseased family member, the family of an
individual and members of his family, etc.