- •Grammar Revision Tables terminology of English grammar
- •Nouns: singular and plural
- •Nouns: common and possessive case
- •Count and noncount nouns
- •Some common noncount nouns
- •Using nouns as modifiers
- •The indefinite article
- •The definite article
- •No article
- •Personal pronouns
- •Possessive pronouns
- •Reflexive pronouns
- •Indefinite pronouns
- •Quantitive pronouns
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
- •Numerals
- •Numbers in measurement
- •Особові форми дієслова finite forms of the verb
- •Indefinite tenses (to work, to write)
- •Continuous tenses (to work, to write)
- •Perfect tenses (to work, to write)
- •Perfect continuous tenses (to work, to write)
- •The functions of the verb «to be»
- •The functions of the verb «to have»
- •The functions of the verb «to do»
- •General Questions
- •Tag questionS
- •Question words
- •More questions with How
- •Summary chart of verb tenses Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Passive Voice Present
- •Modal verbs Can; could; to be able to
- •May; might
- •Must; be to; have to; have got to
- •Should; ought to
- •Will; would
- •Indefinite pronoun «one»
- •The pronouNs «both, either and neither»
- •Sequence of Tenses Direct and Indirect Speech
- •The Infinitive
- •Reference list of verbs followed by infinitives
- •The Prepositional Infinitive Complex
- •The Objective Infinitive complex
- •The Subjective Infinitive complex
- •The Participle
- •Complexes with the Participle the Objective Participle complex
- •The subjective Participle complex
- •The absolute Participle complex
- •The Gerund. Forms and Functions
- •Reference list of verbs followed by gerunds
- •The Gerundial complex
- •Conditional sentences
- •Irregular VerBs
The functions of the verb «to be»
Functions |
Examples |
1. The Notional Verb |
He is at home now. The students are in the classroom. |
2. An Auxiliary Verb |
He is writing a letter. I was asked a difficult question. |
3. A Link Verb |
Jhon is a student. He is intelligent. He is the best student in our group. |
4. A Modal Verb
|
We are to meet at noon. They are to begin this work at once. |
The functions of the verb «to have»
Functions |
Examples |
1. The Notional Verb |
She has a large family. We have got a comfortable flat. |
2. An Auxiliary Verb |
He has graduated from the University. I have been waiting for you for half an hour. |
3. A Modal Verb |
I have to get up early on Mondays. They had to go there. He will have to do it. |
The functions of the verb «to do»
Functions |
Examples |
1. The Notional Verb |
The exercise was done well. You didn't do anything to help her. |
2. An Auxiliary Verb a) The Present and Past Indefinite (interrogative and negative forms) b) The Imperative Mood (negative form) c) to express emphasis |
He doesn't work here. Did you see him yesterday? — Yes, I did. Don't be late for the lessons. But I do know him. |
General Questions
Predicate or auxiliary verb |
Sub- ject |
Part of the Predicate |
Object |
Adverbial Modifiers |
Short Answers | |
|
|
|
|
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Is Do Does Did Will Are Was Can |
he you she it he you Ann you |
take live rain be living? studying?
swim? |
books
French?
|
at home? here? in Kyiv? last night? there? in class? |
Yes, he is. Yes, I do. Yes,she does Yes, it did. Yes, he will. Yes, I am. Yes, she was. Yes, I can. |
No, he isn't. No, I don't. No, she doesn't. No, it didn't. No, he won't. No, I'm not. No, she wasn't. No, I can't. |
Tag questionS
Jack can come, can't he? Fred can't come, can he? |
A tag question is a question added at the end of a sentence. Speakers use tag questions chiefly to make sure their information is correct or to seek agreement. | |
Affirmative Sentence + Negative tag = Affirmative answer expected Mary is here, isn't she? Yes, she is. You like tea, don't you? Yes, I do. They have left, haven't they? Yes, they have. | ||
Negative Sentence + Affirmative tag = Negative answer expected Mary isn't here, is she? No, she isn't. You don't like tea, do you? No, I don't. They haven't left, have they? No, they haven't. | ||
This/That is your book, isn't it? These/Those are yours, aren't they? |
The tag pronoun for this/that = it The tag pronoun for these/those = they | |
There is a meeting tonight, isn't there? |
In sentences with there + be, there is used in the tag. | |
Everything is okay, isn't it? Everyone took the test, didn't they? |
Personal pronouns are used to refer to indefinite pronouns. They is usually used in a tag to refer to everyone, someone, everybody, somebody,no one, nobody. | |
Nothing is wrong, is it? Nobody called on the phone, did they? You've never been there, have you? |
Sentences with negative words take affirmative tags. | |
I am supposed to be here, am I not? I am supposed to be here, aren't I? |
am I not? is formal English. aren't I? is common in spoken English. |