1.3. Introduction of Christianity

The introduction of Christianity played a great role in the history of English. The first attempt to introduce the Roman Christian religion to Anglo-Saxon Britain was made in the 6^th century. In 597 a group of missionaries from Rome dispatched by Pope Gregory the Great “St Augustine’s mission” first landed on the shore of Kent. They made Canterbury their center and from that town the now faith expanded the English kingdoms: Kent, East, Anglia, Essex, Wessex and other places.

The new faith was supported from Ireland; they brought the Celtic variety of Christianity to Northumbria.

The Celts had converted to Christianity long before the Germanic tribes came to Britain, during the Roman occupation.

Less than a century practically all England was Christianized. The Christian faith and church helped the English kingdoms to unite and was the main factor in formation one centralized country. The introduction of Christianity influenced greatly the growth of culture and learning. Monasteries were founded all over the country. The openings of monasteries, influenced the education, many monastic schools were opened. Religious services and teaching were conducted in Latin.

A high standard of learning was reached in the best English monasteries, especially in Northumbria in early 8^th and 9^th centuries.

The most famous of all monasteries was the monastery of Lindisfarne, founded by Aidan who had come to Britain with the Irish missionaries, the monastery of Garrow, where the Venerable Bede, the first English historian lived and worked.

During the Scandinavian invasion the monastery at Lindisfarne was destroyed and most of Northumbrian culture came in decline at that time. English culture shitted to the southern kingdoms, most of all to Wessex, where a cultural florescence began during the reign of King Alfred (871-901). Since that time up to the end of the Old English period Wessex remained the cultural center of England with its capital at Winchester.

1.4. Principal written records of the Old English period

The principal written records that came to us through the centuries date from as far back as the 8^th century. They were written with the help of the so-called “Runic Alphabet”. This was an alphabet of some 26 letters, the shape of which is quite peculiar:

[fuθark] or [fuθork]

We have already said that it is assumed the Runic alphabet was composed by Germanic scribes in the I – III centuries AD and their angular shape is due to the material those inscriptions were made on – wood, stone, bone – and the technique of “writing” – the letters were not written but carved on those hard materials. The word “rune” meant “mystery”, and those letters were originally considered to be magic signs known to very few people, mainly monks and not understood by the vast majority of illiterate population. Among the first Old English runic inscriptions we generally mentioned two: the inscription on the so-called “Franks’ Casket” – small box made of whalebone containing a poem about it, and the inscription on the “Ruthwell Cross” – religious poem engraved on a stone cross found in Scotland.

In 7^th century the Christian faith was introduced and with it there came many Latin-speaking monks who brought with them their own Latin alphabet.

The Latin alphabet was used by the majority of the population who could read and write. It ousted the runic alphabet. Latin alphabet could not denote all the sounds in the English language, for example, the sounds [w], [θ]. For that purpose some runes were preserved – w, þ, or some Latin letters were slightly altered – ð to denote the sounds [θ], [ð] together with the rune þ.

This alphabet that is a combination of the Latin alphabet with runes and some other innovations is called “insular writing”, i.e. the alphabet typical of the British Isles. The majority of Old English records are written in this insular alphabet. The spelling in these records is on the whole phonetic and reasonably consistent, so that it is possible to learn much about the early pronunciation.