Declension of n-stem nouns

Gender Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative	nama (name) naman naman naman	tunge (tongue) tungan tungan tungan	eaзe (eye) eaзan eaзan eaзе
Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative	naman namena namum naman	tungan tungena tungum tungan	eaзan eaзеna eaзum eaзan

The n-stem was the most important among all the consonant stem declensions. This class of nouns was composed of common words. The group was very extensive in Old English and like the a-stem declension it exhibited a tendency to spread its forms over other declensions.

The original stem-suffix –n may be observed in the majority of case forms, but very often the grammatical ending had been dropped in the pre-written period; this phenomenon gave rise to a well-marked homonymity of the noun forms of the declension. Five case forms of the masculine and the feminine genders – all the Singular with the exception of the Nominative and the Nominative and the Accusative plural are homonymous, in case of neuter nouns only four forms are homonymous, as the Accusative case of neuter nouns is homonymous to the Nominative.

Gender oppositions in this declension are also not distinct, the masculine nouns being different from the feminine only in the Nominative and the Accusative Singular.

Declension of root-stem nouns

Root-stems require special consideration. This class was not extensive and stood apart among other Old English nouns due to peculiarities of form-building which was partly retained in Modern English.

Unlike other classes the root-stem nouns such as man (man, masculine), mūs (mouse, feminine) originally had no stem-suffix and the grammatical ending was added directly to the root. As the result of that in the Dative Singular and the Nominative and the Accusative Plural the root-vowel had undergone palatal mutation due to the [i] – sound in the grammatical ending of theses forms. Later the ending was dropped and vowel interchange remained the only means of differentiating the given forms in the paradigm. The feminine nouns with the short root had the ending -u in the Nominative and the Accusative Singular, and -e in the Nominative and the Accusative Plural. The endings of the rest of forms are built up on analogy with those of the a-stems, hence the difference between genders can be observed only in the Genitive Singular – -es for the masculine, -e for the feminine.

Declension of root-stem nouns

Gender Case	Masculine	Feminine
Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative	man (man) mannes man man	mūs mūse mýs mūs
Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative	men manna mannum men	mýs mūsa mūsum mýs

2.4. Homonymity of forms in Old English and its influence on the further development of noun forms

In the prehistoric period of the development of the English language each case had an ending typical of its uninflected form. In the course of the development of the English language, however, due to various semantic and phonetic changes different cases began to develop similar endings within one and the same paradigm; this phenomenon gave rise to the well-marked homonymity of case-forms in English. The twenty four word-forms which built up the noun paradigm had but nine materially different endings. The most distinct among them are:

-es – genitive singular, masculine and neuter

-a/ena – genitive plural, all genders

-um – dative plural, all genders

-as – nominative and accusative plural, masculine

As for the rest of the forms their mutual homonymity is considerable. For example, nouns with the stem originally are ending in –a show gender differences only in the plural, all the forms in the singular but the nominative being homonymous, irrespective of gender and case differences.

The existence of different endings of nouns grammatically alike and homonymous ending of nouns grammatically different testifies to a certain inadequacy of the morphological devices of the Old English noun to show the relation of the noun to other words in the sentence and a need for the development of new means to denote the grammatical meanings formerly denoted morphologically.

Reference table of the principal grammatical noun suffixes in Old English

Gender Case	Masculine a i u n	Feminine ō i u n	Neuter a i n
Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative	- e u/o a es es a an e e a an - e a an	u - u/o e e e a an e e a an e -/e a an	- -/e e es es an e e an - e e
Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative	as e/es a ana a a a ena um um um um as e/as a an	e a a n a a a ena um um um um a e a an	u/o u an a a ena um um um u/o/- u an