Indefinite to write be written

Continuous to be writing ______

Perfect to have written to have been written

Perfect Continuous to have been writing ----------

Exercise 12. State the form and function of the infinitive. Translate the sentences:

1. To go on with this discussion is to waste time.

2. The diagnosis sounds too threatening to be true.

3. She was the last to realize how dangerous the disease was.

4. I didn’t come here to be shouted at.

5. He was too astonished to speak.

6. She was the only one to survive after the accident.

7. He was strong enough to support the man.

8. She didn’t say anything not to be punished.

Exercise 13. Replace the group of words in bold type by an infinitive:

Model: She was the first lady who left. – She was the first lady to leave.

1. The nurse was the last who left the shop.

2. I was astonished when I heard that he had left this city.

3. There was no place where he could sit.

4. He is thirsty, but he has nothing that he can drink.

5. She was the only one who realized the danger.

6. He was the first man who investigated cholera.

7. The sun isn’t very hot, so you can lie in it.

8. You aren’t very old, so you can recover quickly.

Exercise 14. Translate into English:

1. Було важко з ним розмовляти.

2. Він попросив, щоб йому дали знеболююче.

3. Я все це говорю, щоб мене правильно зрозуміли.

4. Він вимагав, щоб лікар виписав його з лікарні.

5. Хворобу було дуже важко вилікувати.

6. Він приніс результати аналізів, щоб показати їх нам.

7. Він був радий, що вчасно надав їм медичну допомогу.

8. Перше, що треба зробити, це викликати швидку допомогу.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

1.Перекладіть та вивчіть словосполучення: 1. оцінювати роль гемоглобіну 2. поглинання вуглекислого газу 3. обмін кисню та вуглекислого газу 4. розчинятися у плазмі 5. працювати над проблемою 6. дійти висновку 7. закон дифузії газів 8. переносити вуглекислий газ до легень 9. досліджувати явище 10. розчин солі 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання: 1. What was Sechenov famous for? 2. What did the scientist investigate? 3. What was proved by Sechenov? 4. What was the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs due to? 5. What did I.M. Sechenov find out about the blood gasses? 3. Поясніть наступні терміни: 1. гази крові 2. еритроцити

Anatomy of the nervous system Анатомія нервової системи

TEXT: Anatomy of the nervous system

GRAMMAR: Complex Object Construction

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Learn the following words:

Brain	[breɪn]	головний мозок
spinal cord	['spaɪn(ə)l]	спинний мозок
peripheral	[pə'rɪf(ə)r(ə)l]	периферійний
autonomic	[ˌɔːtəˈnɒmɪk]	автономний
chain	[ʧeɪn]	ланцюг
ganglion	['gæŋgliən]	нервовий вузол
stimulus	['stɪmjələs]	стимул, подразник
consciousness	[ˌkɔn(t)ʃɪ'en(t)ʃəsnəs]	свідомість
neuron	['njuərɔn]	нейрон
movement	['muːvmənt]	рух; пересування
voluntary	['vɔlənt(ə)rı]	невимушений
surrounding	[sə'raundiŋ]	прилеглий
range	[reindʒ]	ряд, низка

Extrcise 2. Form adjectives from the given nouns:

Rib, liver, kidney, breastbone, brain, saliva, lung, skull.

Exercise 3. Define the part of speech and translate:

Protective, capacity, insufficiency, analyze, redness, numerous, increase, human, examine, movable, dependent.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian:

to be responsible for movement, to carry information, to control voluntary muscles,

to supply all the internal organs, a chain of ganglia, the lower portion of the spinal cord, to depend on surrounding conditions, to increase the range of reactions.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Anatomy of the nervous system

Nervous system is the vast network of cells specialized to carry information (in the form of nerve impulses) to and from all parts of the body in order to bring about bodily activity. The brain and spinal cord together form the central nervous system. The central nervous system controls the voluntary muscles of the head, trunk, and the limbs, and IT is responsible for all movement in them and for all sensation in skin, muscles, bones and joints. The remaining nervous tissue is known as the peripheral nervous system and includes the autonomic nervous system which controls all involuntary muscles. It supplies all the internal organs, and is made up of nerve cells (neurons) supplying the glands and the muscular walls of the internal organs and the blood vessels. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Sympathetic nervous system has fibers that leave the central nervous system, via a chain of ganglia close to the spinal cord, in the thoracic and lumbar regions. Its nerves are distributed to the blood vessels, heart, lungs, intestines and other abdominal organs, sweat glands and salivary glands.

Parasympathetic nervous system has fibers that leave the central nervous system from the brain and the lower portion of the spinal cord and are distributed to blood vessels, glands, and the majority of internal organs. The system works in balance with the sympathetic nervous system, the actions of which it frequently opposes.

In human beings the nervous system has the additional ability to form cortical associations which increase the range of reactions. This function is obtained by all the human beings and formed upon signalization – the process in which the stimulus produces the same reactions as the stimulus with which it is associated. Such reflexes are called conditioned. And the stimuli producing reactions which don’t depend on surrounding conditions are called unconditioned.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is the main function of the nervous system?

2. What is the central nervous system formed by?

3. What does the central nervous system control?

4. What does the peripheral nervous system include?

5. How are nerve cells called?

6. Where are the nerves of sympathetic nervous system distributed?

7. What works in balance with sympathetic nervous system?

8. What reflexes are called conditional?

Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations into English:

клітинна сітка, діяльність організму, головний та спинний мозок, м’яз, що довільно скорочується, відповідати за рухи, тулуб і кінцівки, внутрішні органи, кровоносні судини, м’язові стінки, ланцюг нервових вузлів, грудна та поперекова ділянки, органи черевної порожнини, мимовільні рухи, додаткова здатність, умовний рефлекс.

Exercise 8. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. the enlarged and highly developed mass of nervous tissue that forms the upper end of the CNS	a) involuntary muscle
2. the part of the CNS enclosed in the vertebral column	b) ganglion
3. any structure containing a collection of nerve cell bodies	c) spinal cord
4. a cell specialized to transmit electrical nerve impulses and carry information from one part of the body to another	d) neuron
5. any agent that provokes a response in a cell or tissue	e) brain
6. muscle that is not under conscious control	f) stimulus

1	2	3	4	5	6

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences:

1. … supplies all the internal organs, and is made up of nerve cells.

2. … form the central nervous system.

3. … includes the autonomic nervous system which controls all involuntary muscles.

4. … are distributed to blood vessels, glands, and the majority of internal organs.

5. The autonomic nervous system is divided into…

6. … are distributed to the blood vessels, heart, lungs, intestines and other abdominal organs, sweat glands and salivary glands.

Exercise 10. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Sympathetic nervous system has fibers that leave the central nervous system, via a chain of ganglia.

2. The central nervous system controls the voluntary muscles of the head, trunk, and the limbs.

3. Nervous system is specialized to carry information to and from all parts of the body.

4. Parasympathetic nervous system works in balance with the sympathetic nervous system.

5. The nervous system has the additional ability to form cortical associations.

6. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

7. The remaining nervous tissue includes the autonomic nervous system.

8. This function is obtained by all the human beings and formed upon signalization.

Exercise 11. Use the words in brackets to make questions, translate them.

1. (he ever / perform/ an operation?)

2. (this/ patient/ already/ recover?)

3. (when/ she/ feel/ acute pain?)

4. (where/ the pain/ localize?)

5. (how/ the tumor /reveal?)

6. (what/the patient/ complain about?)

7. (how/they/relieve/pain?)

8. (when/the diagnose/ make?)

GRAMMAR IN USE

Complex Object Construction

The Complex Object consists of a noun in the common case or pronoun in the objective case and the infinitive

Subject + Predicate + noun (pronoun)+ Infinitive

Example:

I want doctor (him) to help me.

They expect the patient (her) to recover soon.

NB! After the verbs denoting sense perception: to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe the bare infinitive (without to) is used.

Example:

We saw a nurse enter the ward.

I felt blood rush into my cheeks.

Exercise 12. Translate the sentences and define Complex Object:

1. I find him to be a skilled doctor.

2. She wants me to take temperature.

3. The doctor asked her to follow bed regimen.

4. She was considered to be ill with pneumonia.

5. I felt the blood rush into my cheeks.

6. They saw the nurse come onto the ward.

7. He felt the pain radiate into the right shoulder.

8. The patient promised to carry out doctor’s administrations.

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences using Complex Object:

1. Лікар сказав, що хвороба лікується.

2. Я хочу, щоб ти не хвилювався.

3. Ми вважаємо, що він найкращий офтальмолог у цій лікарні.

4. Медсестра попросила, щоб пацієнт здав аналізи натще.

5. Ми бачили, як він оглядає пацієнта.

6. Вони відчули, як билося серце пацієнта.

7. Студенти бачили, як хірург виконував операцію.

8. Деякі лікарі вважають цей спосіб лікування найбільш ефективним.