Grammar in use emphatic construction

Емфатична (підсилювальна) конструкція It is (was, will be) …that/which (who, whom)… вживається для виділення певних членів речення. На українську мову ця конструкція перекладається словом «саме» Example: It is the heart that pumps the blood throughout the body. – Саме серце прокачує кров по всьому тілу. It was blood gases that Sechenov investigated in 1858. – Саме гази крові досліджував Сеченов у 1858. Але, при виділенні обставин часу зазвичай вживається it was not until …that… і перекладається – тільки, тільки після; Example: It was not until 1538 that A. Vesalius published his first scientific works.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to the emphatic construction:

1. It is the skeleton that protects inner organs from injuries.

2. It was A. Fleming who discovered penicillin.

3. It was not until 2010 that Odessa State Medical University got the status of a National University.

4. It is the liver which is the largest gland in the human body.

5. It was M.I. Pirogov who first suggested formation of Odessa Medical University.

6. It is inside the marrow cavity of bones that bone marrow is located.

7. It was not A.Fleming but two other scientists, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who developed penicillin further so that it could be produced as a drug.

8. It was not until 1928 that penicillin was discovered.

Exercise 11. Emphasize the underlined parts of sentences using the emphatic construction:

1. The eyes serve as the organ of sight.

2. The neck connects the head and the trunk.

3. Pirogov originated the intravenous administration of ether as an anesthetic.

4. From his work in the Crimea, Pirogov is considered to be the father of field surgery.

5. By the 1940s, penicillin was mass-produced by the American drugs industry.

6. Femur is the biggest bone in the body.

7. The smallest bone in the human body is located in the middle ear.

8. Blood cells are suspended in blood plasma.

Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into English, using the emphatic construction:

1. Саме кров постачає поживні речовини до усіх клітин тіла.

2. Саме еритроцити є найчисленнішими кров’яними клітинами.

3. Саме гемоглобін дає крові її червоний колір.

4. Саме лейкоцити є частиною імунної системи.

5. Саме тромбоцити відповідають за згортання крові.

6. Тільки у минулому році ми стали студентами медичного університету.

7. Саме на лекції з анатомії ми дізналися про це явище.

8. Тільки цього ранку його прооперували.

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Blood transports metabolic waste products away from the cells.

2. The average person has about 5 liters of blood.

3. White blood cells fight infection.

4. In a normal adult body there are 4,000 to 10,000 leucocytes per microliter of blood.

5. Thrombocytes are responsible for blood clotting.

6. Platelets are formed in the bone marrow.

7. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.

8. Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato-.

Exercise 14. Open the brackets using the verb in the appropriate form:

Blood pressure (to be) the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels. It (to be) one of the principal vital signs. Blood pressure usually (to refer) to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation. During each heartbeat, blood pressure (to vary) between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The blood pressure in the circulation (to be) due to the pumping action of the heart. A person’s blood pressure usually (to express) in terms of the systolic pressure over diastolic pressure. It (to measure) in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), for example 120/80.