Grammar in use

PAST PERFECT TENSE

ACTIVE VOICE

had + Participle II

to treat – had treated

to give - had given

1. to cut, to put

2. to make, to get, to tell, to know, to take, to keep, to feel, to find, to feed, to fight, to go, to leave, to meet, to rise, to sand, to say, to see, to spread, to teach, to undergo, to write, to sell, to grow, to learn

3. to visit, to carry, to listen, to measure, to follow, to divide, to last, to persist, to compose, to call, to reveal, to estimate, to form, to fill in, to watch, to observe, to investigate, to reduce, to cause, to operate on, to finish, to treat

I had treated; I had not treated; Had I treated? He had treated She had treated You had treated They had treated We had treated

Exercise 13. Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the predicate and italicized expressions. Make the sentences negative and interrogative

Model: I had completed my work.

I had not completed my work.

Had I completed my work?

1. The surgeon had operated on the patient when we came.

2. Yesterday the surgeon had operated on the patient by 2 o’clock.

3. By the time we came the surgeon had operated on the patient.

4. The surgeon had operated on the patient before we came.

5. We were said that the surgeon had operated on the patient.

6. They reported that the surgeon had operated on the patient two days before.

Exercise 14. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Perfect

1. The physician said that previous sanatorium treatment (to be) helpful.

2. The laboratory assistant (to count) the number of red blood cells before the surgeon began the blood transfusion.

3. The patient stated that four weeks before admission he suddenly (to lose) consciousness.

4. The infectious diseases specialist (to isolate) the children from the onset of the disease before poliomyelitis occurred.

5. The patient’s mother said that ten years before the boy (to fell) down stairs and (to hurt) his head.

6. The scientist studied in detail some enzymes that he (to isolate) before.

7. The patient said he never (to experience) such an acute pain before.

8. Before the surgeon began the operation the patients had been under the care.

Exercise 15. Put up questions to the underlined words

• Vesalius believed the skeletal system to be the framework of the human body.

• The scientist accurately described the vestibule (преддверие) in the interior of the temporal bone of the skull.

• Vesalius' work on the vascular and circulatory systems is his greatest contribution to the complex and modern medicine.

• Vesalius believed that the cardiac systole was synchronous with the arterial pulse.

• Vesalius believed that nerves did not originate from the heart, as was the Aristotelian belief, but that nerves stemmed from the brain.

• Upon studying the optic nerve, Vesalius came to the conclusion that nerves were not hollow.

• Vesalius also disproved Galen's belief that the liver consisted of five lobes.

• In 1541, while in Bologna, Vesalius uncovered the fact that all of Galen's research had been based upon animal anatomy rather than the human.

Exercise 16. Use verbs in brackets in correct forms and translate

Galen, a Greek doctor who had lived in the 3^rd century BC, had been the standard of knowledge about human anatomy for almost 2000 years. However, Vesalius began to detect errors in Galen’s understanding. He began to realize that Galen (to use) animal corpses for dissection and (to use) these investigations as a basis for his writings of human anatomy. Vesalius, in contrast, (to use) human corpses to study human anatomy. Thus, Vesalius (to be) much more accurate in his understandings and descriptions. He also ( to pioneer) a new style in teaching anatomy, inviting his students to watch him in the process of dissecting cadavers as he lectured, rather than just listening to readings (лекції) in the subject. When corpses (to be) not available for object lessons, Vesalius drew large illustrations and mounted them in a visible place in the lecture room so that students (can) see as they learned anatomy.

Exercise 17. Speak about the greatest Vesalius’s contributions to the modern medicine.