Text: Andreas Vesalius (1514-1563)

Andreas Vesalius is one of the greatest anatomists. He studied medicine in France. In 1537 he got the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1538 his first scientific works in Anatomy were published. In 1543 his most important book "On the Structure of the Human Body" was written.

His work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consists of seven books. The bones of the skeleton, the joints and cartilages were described in the first book; the muscles — in the second; the vessels — in the third; the nerves — in the fourth; the alimentary tract — in the fifth; the heart and the respiratory system — in the sixth; the brain — in the seventh.

In all his researches Vesalius studied the anatomy of the human body on corpses. He studied the structure of the inner organs of the human body taking into consideration their functions. Vesalius was the first scientist to give a proper description of the human skeleton. He also determined that neither the right nor the left ventricles of the heart were connected. He determined that there were no opening in the septum between the left and the right heart chambers. It was a great discovery. Before Vesalius all the scientists considered that the left and the right heart chambers were connected by the opening in the septum. His discovery opened the way to the discovery of the pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in future. Vesalius did much to establish new and exact anatomical terms.

Both the great Russian scientist Pavlov and many other famous scientists said that the works written by Vesalius composed the first anatomy of the human body in which everything was based on scientific research work.

Post-text assignments

Exercise 6. Find corresponding equivalents

the Holy Roman Empire a reference book the great scientist doctorate scientific work to be based on misconception the chair of surgery anatomical charts dissection

неправильне розуміння кафедра хірургії анатомічні карти Священна Римська імперія базуватися на… розтин, анатомування довідник великий вчений наукова робота докторський ступінь

Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with the words and word-combinations from the box:

Physicians; anatomist; charts; the chair; doctorate; had to be; Belgium; forced to

• Vesalius was a Flemish-born … whose dissections of the human body helped to correct misconceptions dating from ancient times.

• Andreas Vesalius was born on 31 December 1514 in Brussels, … , then part of the Holy Roman Empire.

• Vesalius came from a family of … and both his father and grandfather had served the holy Roman emperor.

• Vesalius studied medicine in Paris but was … leave before completing his degree when the Holy Roman Empire declared war on France.

• Andreas Vesalius studied at the University of Louvain, and then moved to Padua to study for his…. .

• Upon completion in 1537 he was immediately offered …. of surgery and anatomy.

• Vesalius believed that surgery … grounded in anatomy.

• Unusually, he always performed dissections himself and produced anatomical … of the blood and nervous systems as a reference aid for his students.

Exercise 8. Fill in prepositions from the box below where necessary

11. The works written _______Vesalius composed the first anatomy of the human body.

12. Surgery and anatomy were considered of little importance in comparison ______the other branches of medicine.

13. His work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consists_________seven books.

14. Vesalius studied medicine_________ France.

15. In the same year Vesalius wrote a pamphlet on bloodletting, a popular treatment ____ a variety of illnesses.

16. He transformed anatomy into a subject that relied on observations taken directly ________human dissections.

17. Vesalius was a supporter of 'parallel dissections' in which an animal cadaver and a human cadaver are dissected simultaneously in order ________demonstrate the anatomical differences.

18. Vesalius introduced the notion of induction of the extraction of empyema _______ surgical means.

with; through; in, by, of; to; for; from

Exercise 9. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms

1. He determined that there were no opening in the septum.

2. Vesalius studied the anatomy of the human body on corpses.

3. In 1537 Andreas Vesalius was immediately offered the chair of surgery and anatomy.

4. In 1538 he also published a letter on venesection, a popular treatment for almost any illness, but there was some debate about where to take the blood from.

5. In his extensive study of the skull, Vesalius claimed that the mandible consisted of one bone, whereas Galen had thought it was two separate bones.

6. Andreas Vesalius also pioneered a new style in teaching anatomy, inviting his students to watch him in the process of dissecting cadavers as he lectured, rather than just listening to readings in the subject.

Foramina, lower jaw; lectures; department, bloodletting, cadaver

Exercise 10. Approve or contradict the following statements

1. Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern physiology.

2. The bones of the skeleton, the joints and cartilages were described in the second book.

3. Vesalius composed the first anatomy of the human body in which everything was based on scientific research work.

4. Before Vesalius all the scientists considered that the left and the right heart chambers were not connected by the opening in the septum.

5. In 1541, while in Bologna, Vesalius uncovered the fact that all of Galen's research had been based upon human anatomy rather than the animal.

6. Vesalius was the first scientist to give a proper description of the human skeleton.

Exercise 11. Answer the questions

1. Who is widely considered to be the founder of the modern science of anatomy?

2. Where did Andreas Vesalius study medicine?

3. When was Vesalius awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine?

4. When was his most important book on human anatomy On the Structure of the Human Body written?

5. What books does his work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consist of?

6. What did Andreas Vesalius study on corpses?

7. What did the Great Russian scientist Pavlov and many other famous scientists say about the works written by Vesalius?

8. How do you think what was the greatest discovery of Vesalius?

Exercise 12. Match the terms with their definitions

1. Heart 2. nerves 3. blood circulation 4. corpse 5. the human skeleton 6. septum 7. blood vessel

a) the transport of oxygenated blood through the arteries to the capillaries, where it nourishes the tissues, and the return of oxygen-depleted blood (збіднена киснем кров) through the veins to the heart, where the cycle is renewed; b) a dividing partition between two tissues or cavities; c) a hard framework consisting of inorganic material that supports and protects the soft parts of an animal's body and provides attachment for muscles; d) In common use, this term has come to specify a dead body used for a particular purpose, such as dissection. e) the hollow muscular organ in vertebrates whose contractions propel the blood through the circulatory system. In mammals it consists of a right and left atrium and a right and left ventricle; f) a tube carrying blood away from or towards the heart. Blood vessels are the means by which blood circulates throughout the body. g) any of the cordlike bundles of fibers that conduct sensory or motor impulses