Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (срс)

1. Перекладіть та вивчіть наступні словосполучення: атмосферний вільний кисень процес поділу клітин умови навколишнього середовища паличкоподібні бактерії викликати інфекцію для того, щоб виділити хімічні речовини життя та ріст мікроогранізмів погіршувати здоров,я головна причина смерті людини збільшувати(ся) у розмірі до певної межі 2. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: What groups may all the existing microorganisms be divided into? What conditions are favourable for aerobic microorganisms? When do bacteria grow and multiple extremely rapidly? What bacteria are a major cause of human death and diseases? What science studies bacteria? 3. Поясніть наступні терміни у 5ти реченнях: microorganisms bacteriology

Virology ВІРУСОЛОГІЯ

Text: Virology

Grammar: Modal Verbs and their Equivalents.

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Learn the new words:

1.	virus	[‘vairəs]	вірус
2.	ultra fine	[‘ʌl trə’faɪn]	надтонкий
3.	to exploit	[‘ɛksplɔɪt]	використовувати
4.	reproduction	[‘riprə’dʌkʃən]	відтворення
5.	to isolate	[‘aɪsə’leɪt]	ізолювати, виділяти
6.	host	[həʊst]	господар
7.	fungal	[‘fʌŋgəl]	грибковий
8.	range	[reɪndʒ]	варіювати
9.	DNA		ДНК
10.	RNA		РНК
11.	reverse transcribing	[rɪ’vɜs træn’skraɪbiŋ]	зворотна транскрипція
12.	viral replication	[‘vaɪrəl ‘rɛplɪkeɪʃən]	реплікація вірусу
13.	particle	[‘pɑtɪkəl]	частка

Exercise 2. Translate the groups of words:

An exclusion - to exclude – exclusive, a research - to research – research, a reproduction – to reproduce – reproductive, an infection – to infect –infectious, a culture - to culture – cultural, an explosion – to explode – explosive, an evolution – to evolve –evolutionary, an inclusion – to include – inclusive, a cause – to cause – causative, an isolation - to isolate – isolable.

Exercise 3. Translate from English:

Tobacco mosaic disease, to pass through filters, existence of viruses, to be grown easily in culture, explosion of virology research, ways to infect and exploit cells, virus reproduction, the techniques to isolate viruses, viral replication method , use in research and therapy, animal viruses, plant viruses, fungal viruses and bacteriophages, the most widely used classification system, to coax host cells.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.

Virology

In 1892 Dimitri Ivanovski showed that tobacco mosaic disease could be transmitted by extracts that were passed through filters fine enough to exclude even the smallest known bacteria.

The existence of viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) was first recognized by Frederick Twort in 1911, and, independently, by Felix d'Herelle in 1917. As bacteria could be grown easily in culture, this led to an explosion of virology research.

Since 1938 electron microscopy has made it possible to see virus particles, and since 1945 the possibility of preparing ultra fine microscopic sections has furthered the study of the development of the virus in tissues.

Now virology is the branch of medicine studying viruses and virus-like agents: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit cells for virus reproduction, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy.

Virology is often considered to be a part of microbiology or of pathology.

A major branch of virology is virus classification. Viruses can be classified according to the host cell they infect: animal viruses, plant viruses, fungal viruses, and bacteriophages (viruses infecting bacteria, which include the most complex viruses).

The most widely used classification system distinguishes viruses according to the type of nucleic acid they use as genetic material and the viral replication method they employ to coax host cells into producing more viruses:

• DNA viruses

• RNA viruses

• everse transcribing viruses

In addition virologists also study ''subviral particles'': viroids, satellites and prions.

Viruses continue to be investigated because they are held to be possible causative agents of some human cancers. Viruses can have high rates of mutations that keep them undetectable.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 5. Answer the questions:

1. Who showed that there exist the microorganisms smaller than any known bacteria?

2. What discoveries were made in 1911 and 1917?

3. What has made it possible to see virus particles?

4. What does modern virology study about viruses?

5. What is the major branch of virology?

6. How can viruses be classified according to the host cell they infect?

7. What is the most widely used classification of viruses?

8. What types of viruses are distinguished according to this classification?

9. What keeps viruses being undetectable?

Exercise 6. Translate the word combinations and use them in the following sentences.

Бактеріофаг, мозаїчна хвороба табака, існування вірусу, ізолювати, клітина-господар, гістологічні зрізи, ДНК-вірус, розмноження вірусу, РНК-вірус, віруси тварин, грибковий вірус.

1. Some viruses (e.g., adenovirus) are difficult to …  and may require specific human cell lines for isolation.

2.Adolf Eduard Mayer was a German agricultural chemist whose work on  … played an important role in the discovery of tobacco mosaic virus and viruses in general.

3. Once the virus attaches to the … and the viral genome is inserted into this cell, the viral infection has been initiated.

4. The disintegration or destruction of cells is the final step in a … cycle in which the virus particles burst through the host cell membrane, rupturing the cell.

5. … is a virus whose nucleic acid core is composed of DNA, such as any adenoviruses, herpesviruses, or poxviruses.

6. An  …  is a virus that has ribonucleic acid as its genetic material. 

7. The study of  … is important from a veterinary viewpoint and many of these viruses cause diseases that are economically devastating.

7. …. are found in most species of fungi, where they usually multiply without apparent harm to the host.

8. … is a virus that is reproduces itself in bacteria. 

9. … that pass through bacterial filters was first demonstrated in 1892 by D. I. Ivanovskii, who discovered the filterability of the causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease.

10. … is a thin slice, as of tissue, suitable for microscopic examination.

Exercise 7. Make questions to the underlined words.

1. The existence of viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) was first recognized by Frederick Twort in 1911.

2. Viruses can be classified according to the host cell they infect.

3. In addition virologists also study ''subviral particles'': viroids, satellites and prions.

4. As bacteria could be grown easily in culture, this led to an explosion of virology research.

5. In 1892 Dimitri Ivanovski showed that there could exist the organisms smaller than the smallest known bacteria.

6. In 1892 Dimitri Ivanovski showed that there could exist the organisms smaller than the smallest known bacteria.

7. Now virology is the branch of medicine studying viruses and virus-like agents.

GRAMMAR IN USE

Modal Verbs and their Equivalents

Can
Present	Future	Past
I can solve this problem. I am able to solve this problem.- Я можу/в змозі вирішити цю проблему	I will be able to solve this problem tomorrow.- Я зможу вирішити цю проблему завтра.	I could solve this problem. I was able to solve this problem.- Я зміг вирішити цю проблему.
Must
Present	Future	Past
He must solve this problem.He has to solve this problem.- Він повинен/йому доводиться вирішувати цю проблему.	He will have to solve this problem tomorrow. – Йому доведеться вирішувати цю проблему завтра.	He had to  solve the problem. –Йому довелося вирішувати цю проблему.
May
Present	Future	Past
He may solve this problem himself. –Він може вирішувати цю проблему самостійно.	He will be allowed to  solve this problem himself.- Він зможе(йому дозволять) вирішити цю проблему самостійно.	He might solve this problem himself. He was allowed to solve this problem himself.- Він міг (йому дозволили) вирішувати цю проблему самостійно.

Exercise 8. Put the following sentences in the Future Tense:

1. The students can do this work.

2. The scientists can prove their investigations.

3. The patient can walk.

4. The patient may walk.

5. The students may carry out such experiments without the professor’s control.

6. The nurse can relieve the pain by giving the injection.

7. You must determine the origin of the disease for its successful treatment.

Exercise 9. Put the predicate into Past.

1. We must use this new device to have better results.

2. The infant must move as much as possible for the proper development of the body.

3. The patient cannot give the exact answer about the character of his pain.

4. In this patient the proper functions of the heart can be impaired due to the prolonged excessive exercises.

5. The 1^st year students may not be present at operations.

6. During intellectual work one must give rest to the organism every hour or half an hour.

7. His constant tiredness may impair his heart.

Exercise 10. Use may, must or can in the proper tense form to fill in the gaps.

1.When Dmitriy Ivanovskiy was investigating the tobacco mosaic disease he … come to the conclusion that this disease occurred due to a microscopic agent, many times smaller than bacteria.

2. Virus is a minute infectious agent which, with certain exceptions, lacks independent metabolism and … to replicate only within a living host cell.

3. Ivanovskiy was the first scientist who … to establish the new branch of microbiology – virology.

4. To prove this phenomenon he … to make many experiments on plants.

5. The patient … to go home only after all necessary analyses have been made.

6. The rules of working in the laboratory were extremely strict, so the students … to work there without being properly instructed.