1. Microscopy

The previously mentioned ….. will often rely on microscopic examination for identification of the microbe. Instruments such as … can be used to assess critical aspects of the organism. This can be performed immediately after the sample is taken from the patient and is used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, allowing for resolution of cellular features.  ….  are also used for observing microbes in greater detail.

Electron microscopes and fluorescence microscopes; culture techniques1; compound light microscopes

*Using your knowledge of Physics, argue your answer to the following question: What microscope is more precise: electron or light?

Exercise 12. Match the terms with their explanations:

Stereoscope microbiology virology mycology parasitology bacteriology biosynthesis

the branch of medicine concerned with the study of viruses and the diseases they cause; the formation of complex compounds from simple substances by living organisms; an optical instrument for viewing two-dimensional pictures and giving them an illusion of depth and relief.; the branch of biology involving the study of microorganisms; the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi; the branch of biology that is concerned with the study of parasites; the branch of science concerned with the study of bacteria.

Exercise 13. Find corresponding equivalents:

Багатоклітинні мікроорганізми; мікроскопічні гриби; класифікація організмів; містити в собі: ті, що викликають хворобу; шкідлива дія; напрямки діяльності різноманітних мікроорганізмів; в інтересах медицини; галузь медицини; теоретична та прикладна наука; спадковість і мінливість; біосинтез органічних сполук; поліпшення здоров'я; шляхи передачі інфекції; пропонуючи варіанти лікування; спалах захворювань; звичайні, непатогенні види та їх властивості.

Grammar in use Modal verbs

Present	Past	Future
Can	Could [kud]	-
May	Might [mait]	-
Must	-

Exercise 14. Make the sentences interrogative and negative. Translate them.

1. A medical microbiologist can prove his investigation.

2. The operated patients may walk.

3. The nurse must feed the infants.

4. The patient could fall asleep after taking the medicine.

5. We must summarize and analyse all the findings of our observations.

6. The fifth-year students may operate on the patients by themselves.

7. Only definite microorganisms might cause infectious disease.

8. Using detail information a treatment can be devised.

Exercise 15. Read and translate the sentences. Put the predicates into the Past:

1. A single microbe on an agar plate can grow into colonies.

2. Fluid samples may be tested for the presence of a specific pathogen.

3. Microbial growth must be determined by the time taken for the liquid to form a colloidal suspension.

4. Certain technique may be used for diagnosing parasites and detecting mycobacteria.

5. Instruments such as compound light microscopes can be used to assess critical aspects of the organism.

6. Diagnosis of infectious disease may be nearly always initiated by consulting the patient's medical history and conducting a physical examination.

7. More detailed identification techniques can involve microbial culture, microscopy, biochemical tests and genotyping.

8. *Other less common techniques (such as X-rays, CAT [computerized axial tomography] scans, PET [positron emission tomography] scans or NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance]) must be used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent.

(NMR – ядерный магнитный резонанс; CAT– компьютерная аксиальная томография; PET – томография, основанная на методе позитронной эмиссии)

Exercise 16. a). Read and translate the text.

b). Open the brackets. c). Put questions to the underlined words.