Практикум

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос: «Whatwaysdomedicineswork?».

How do medicines work?

Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body.

The body needs certain levels of proteins (or …), vitamins and minerals in order to work normally. If these important substances are insufficient or lacking, this can lead to medical disorders. These are called ‘deficiency disorders’. Examples include: iron deficiency (…), and vitamin C deficiency (…).

Deficiency disorders can also occur as a result of lack of hormones in the body (...). Common examples include: diabetes (…) and hypothyroidism (…). Deficiency disorders can be treated with medicines or hormones that replace or restore the levels of the missing substances, for example insulin injections for diabetics.

Altering the activity of cells.

Cells are the basic ‘building blocks’ of the body. All human tissues are made up of groups of cells. Many medicines work by altering the activity of cells. For example, anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen and diclofenac block the action or stop the production of chemical substances (…) which are released by cells in response to tissue damage and which cause inflammation and pain. Medicines which interfere with the way of cells’ work are used to treat a variety of conditions, such as blood clotting disorders (e.g. …), heart (e.g. … ) and kidney diseases. Some medicines work by attaching themselves (binding) to the sites found on the surface of the cells (…) and either increase or decrease the activity of the cell (e.g. ...).

Destroying infectious microorganisms or abnormal cells.

Infectious diseases occur when viruses, bacteria, protozoa or fungi invade the body.  Antibiotics e.g. penicillin can destroy bacteria by killing them directly or by preventing their multiplying. Anti-fungals commonly used for infections of the skin and mouth (e.g. …) work by disrupting infected cells. Other medicines work by killing abnormal cells, for example some anti-cancer drugs directly target and kill harmful cancer cells.

3. Заполните пропуски в скобках в упр. 1. необходимыми по смыслу словами и словосочетаниями, из списка ниже. Составьте с ними свои собственные предложения.

Clotrimazole and miconazole; scurvy; anti-coagulants; medicines used in the treatment of

epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease; insulin deficiency; amino acids; calcium channel blockers;

mediators; receptors; hormone deficiency; anemia; thyroid hormone deficiency.

3. Найдите в тексте «Howdomedicineswork?» ответы на следующие вопросы.

1. How do antibiotics destroy bacteria?

2. What are the important substances in the human body?

3. When do deficiency disorders occur?

4. What are all human tissues made up of?

5. What conditions do medicines altering the activity of cells treat?

6. How can deficiency disorders be treated?

4. Найдите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний в тексте. Найдите

предложения, в которых они были использованы и переведите их на русский язык.

- противогрибковый; - повреждение ткани;

- изменять активность клетки; - нарушения свертываемости крови;

- выделяемые клетками; - противовоспалительные средства;

- железодефицитная анемия; - предотвращать размножение;

- восстанавливать уровень - разрушать бактерии.

недостающих веществ;

5. Расположите эти предложения в правильном порядке так, чтобы они освещали

основное содержание текста.

1. In addition, many medicines work by destroying infectious microorganisms or

abnormal cells.

2. For example, antibiotics such as penicillin can destroy bacteria by killing them directly or

by preventing their multiplying .

3. Other medicines work by killing abnormal cells, for example some anti-cancer drugs

directly target and kill harmful cancer cells.

4. These deficiency disorders can be treated with medicines or hormones that replace or

restore the levels of the missing substances.

5. So these medicines are used to treat a variety of conditions, such as blood clotting

disorders, heart and kidney diseases.

6. Some important substances are insufficient or lacking, this can lead to medical disorders

called deficiency disorders.

7. Infectious diseases occur when viruses, bacteria, protozoa or fungi invade the body.

8. Medicines replace substances that are deficient or missing in the body.

9. Medicines also alter the activity of cells.

10. Thus, medicines destroy infectious microorganisms or abnormal cells.