II. Работа над грамматикой.

Найдите в тексте Digestive system предложения, в которых сказуемое употреблено в Passive voice. Переведите эти предложения и перефразируйте их содержание в Active voice.

III. Аннотирование текста. Направлено на развитие ОК-7 и ОК-11

Прочтите текст. Изложите содержание каждого абзаца в 2 предложениях.

The stages of digestion

The alimentary canal begins above with the cavity of the mouth and terminates below at the anus, traversing in its course the length of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. After the entrance into the mouth the food undergoes a twofold reduction: a mechanical one and a chemical one. The mechanical process is called mastication. The chemical action taking place in the mouth is accomplished by means of the first digestive secretion, the saliva.

The sight, smell, and thought of food may elicit salivary and gastric secretion. In the form of bolus the food mass softened with mucus moves down to the stomach. Due to muscular movements, the food is mixed with the gastric juice. The reaction of the gastric juice is acid. The most important constituents are hydrochloric acid, mucin, pepsin, rennin and gastric lipase.

As a result of muscular movements the gastric contents is reduced to a semifluid, creamy mass called chyme. At intervals portions of the chyme are ejected through the pylorus into the duodenum. In the duodenum the food is treated by the pancreatic juice and the bile, an important external secretion of the liver. The liver is the largest gland in the body which has the most powerful influence upon all the metabolic functions of the body.

The principal organ of absorption is the small intestine. The function of the small intestine is to separate the useful from the useless constituents of the food. The fats, in the form of a fine emulsion, are taken up by lymph vessels and reach the blood, while sugars, salts, and amino-acids formed from proteins pass directly into the small blood-vessels of the intestine.

Food materials are absorbed almost exclusively by the small intestine. The large intestine, or colon, absorbs water and salts. The indigestible residue, together with various waste substance excreted from the liver and intestinal walls, is cast out of the body in the stools.

Занятие 17

Этапы занятия:

2. Изучающее чтение.

Задание 1. Изучитe новые слова.

Brain

nerve

flow

stimulus (pl-stimuli)

spinal cord

sense organs

vision

hearing

motor cortex

hypothalamus

to provide

to supply

to restore

Задание 2. Прочтите и переведите текст

The Brain

Nervous system regulates and coordinates all body activities. The brain is the main organ of the nervous system. Its weight is from one to two kg (kilograms). It consists of about 12 billion (миллиард) cells. Each cell of the brain is connected to the other by nerve fibres.

The brain is the centre of a wide system of communication. A constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. The stimuli come to the brain from our eyes, ears, and other sense organs. When all the received stimuli are summarized and analysed the brain sends orders through the nerve fibres in the spinal cord to different parts of the human body. A lot of investigations helped scientists to determine those areas of the brain which control vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions.

The motor cortex controls many body movements of the human being. The hypothalamus controls such functions as blood pressure. To provide a proper work of the brain the nervous cells must be well supplied with oxygen and feeding substances. And for this purpose any human being must have regular complete rest. When one sleeps the vital activity of the nervous system is restored.

Задание 3. Переведите словосочетания

- регулировать и координировать деятельность;

- посредством нервных волокон;

- система коммуникации;

- постоянный поток раздражителей;

- посылать команды;

- контролировать зрение, слух, движения и эмоции;

- двигательный отдел коры головного мозга;

- обеспечивать правильную (соответствующую, должную) работу;

- снабжать кислородом и питательными веществами

Задание 4. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту таким образом, чтобы ответы отражали основное содержание текста.