Употребление сослагательного наклонения

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Условные предложения

Примечание:

В условных придаточных предложениях II и III типа союзы if, provided могут быть опущены. В этом случае в придаточном предложении наблюдается обратный порядок слов, т.е. сказуемое или вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.

Had we enough spare time, we should attend the conference.

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Упражнения

I.Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сослагательное наклонение

1. Hence, a higher temperature is required to convert water into steam at a high pressure than it would be necessary at a low pressure.

2. It would be quite wrong to think that conducting materials are the only materials to be used for power transmission.

3. One might ask: "Can every substance exist in all of these four states?"

4. Suppose that one could live in a world where the average temperature were 2500C. At our ordinary pressures, water and ether would be in a gaseous state. 5. In this case the substance acts as if it were compressed by a very great pressure.

6. We should like to make some remarks about this work.

7. The new system of units suggested that the joule be used as the unit of work and energy.

8. It is necessary that the preliminary reaction be essentially complete.

9. Without friction our world would be very strange, indeed. Without friction between the tyres and the road, a car could not move.

10. The point of application of the resultant force is called the centre of gravity. It is as if the body's weight were concentrated at this point.

11. Much was expected from this method under which it would be possible to repair or replace district heating pipes.

II. Определите тип условного предложения и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. If superheated steam is heated to high temperatures, decomposition may take place if the steam is in contact with a suitable agent; it is likely to take place between 600 and 12000C.

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2.If the magnetic circuit consisted of non-magnetic material, the field would be proportional to the current.

3.As a rule, if the length of a conductor is doubled, the resistance is doubled and if its cross-sectional area is doubled, its resistance is halved.

4.If a piece of wire were replaced by another one of the same length but of double cross-sectional area, it would offer half its former resistance.

5.If we had used a coil with half the number of turns during our last experiment, we should have got a much lower e.m.f.

6.If we had lowered temperature, the reverse transformation would have taken place.

7.If the specific heat at constant volume, for a given gas, has the same value for that gas at all temperatures and pressures, and if the specific heat at constant pressure, for a given gas, is assumed to remain constant at all temperatures and pressures, then it follows that the ratio of the two specific heats of any given gas is also constant.

8.If we were asked today to prove the existence of a connection between electricity and magnetism, we could not do better than point to the electromagnet.

9.The study of semiconductors wouldn't have clarified the relation between the electric charges and matter, if it hadn't enriched physics with new ideas and laws concerning electrical phenomena.

10.The experiment would have been carried out a week ago, if the device hadn't been broken.

11.If you had changed the conditions of the experiment you would have obtained better results.

12.If he knew something about semiconductors, it wouldn't be so difficult for him to understand the Hall effect.

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III.Переведите следующие условные предложения. Объясните отсутствие союзов в них.

1.Had the pipe a small cross-section, the water flow per second would be certainly small.

2.Were there a conducting wire between two points of unequal potential, the electrons would flow from one of the points to the other.

3.Were it possible to divide the magnets until we reached the molecules, we should find that each molecule was a minute magnet having a north pole and a south pole.

4.On the other hand, the object would not be in equilibrium were it gaining speed or slowing down (accelerating or decelerating).

5.Had he taken into account the properties of the substance under investigation, he would have been careful while working with it.

6.Could one live in a world where the average temperature were 2500C, water and ether would be in a solid state at our ordinary pressures.

7.Were the vapour pressure of a solid at any temperature greater than one atmosphere, the substance would pass directly from the solid to the vaporous condition.

8.Had we raised the temperature, this substance would have been transformed into a gaseous state.

9.Could mercury not expand when heated, it would not be used for taking temperatures.

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