16. The verbals in Old Germanic languages. Infinitive and participle: their origin and morphological categories.

There are three non-finite forms of verbs. The first is the infinitive proper, which is essentially a noun formed from the present tense verbal stem; consider PDE “to run”. The second is the present participle 1, which is an adjective formed from the present stem, analogous to forms like PDE ‘running’. The third is the preterite participle 2, an adjective sometimes but not always based on the preterite stem of the verb, and etymologically identical with forms like ‘driven’ in ‘I have driven’ or ‘a driven man’.

INFINITIVE is not only an indefinite form of a verb. Originally infinitives were verbal agent nouns. (Nomina Agentis) – віддієслівні іменники. Germ. inf. derives from the noun with the suffix –no-. in old Germ. lang-es analogical forms could be declined. They later developed into verbal form, and prepositions – into a particle that goes with the verb.

Participles are verbal agent adjectives. It can be declined by case, and in Latin, Russian by tense and mood.We distinguish ParticipleI (active) and Part.II (passive). Participle I is formed from strong and weak verbs by adding suffix –nd-. Participle II: strong verb + n weak verb + þ/d/t. In England Participle I is –ing form.

17. Nominal parts of speech in Old Germanic languages, their morphological categories.

In PIE the adjective together with noun made one morphological part of speech – the Name. Progressively the difference between noun and adj was in the gender declension of adjective. Just like in Ukranian and Russian were the endings of adj marcs the grammatical categories of gender.

Gender of adjectives depends on gender of noun, whereas the gender of noun is a stable morphological category.

Noun had such categories:

• gender (masc, fem, neut)

• number (singular, plural)

• case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental)

• declension (strong, weak, minor/root)

ДИВ № 18

Adjective

• declension (weak, strong)

• degrees of comparison (positive, comparative, superlative)

• gender (masc, fem, neut)

• case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative,instumental)

Sabo p.75

18. Old Germanic noun and its morphological categories.

The noun in Old German had 4 categories:

• Gender (masc, fem, neut) This distinction was not a grammatical category, it was merely a classifying feature. The gender

1. regulates the forms of adj and articles accompanying nouns

2. regulates which specific forms of the case and number endings appear on the nouns.

Progressively, due to the dissapearane of stem-classes, nouns could change the type of their gender or declension. For instance, the category of gender disappeared in English, Scandinavien l-ges but German has still 3 gender.

• Number (singular, plural and dual) The dual number of noun had preserved only in pronouns and verbs Both case and number were expressed by one morpheme.

• Case. There exist 8 cases in IE: Nominative, Accus, Genitive, Dative, Ablative, Instrumental, Locutive and Vocative. Progressively, this system changed, because of transfusion of some case forms, so in Common Germanic there existed 6 cases:

Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Vocative

Instrumental is used to dentify the instrument of an action. Was preserved only in OSax, OHG.

• Declension (strong, weak, minor or root)