- •2. Word stress in Proto-Germanic and its morphological consequences.
- •Voicing of fricatives in Proto-Germanic (Verner’s Law).
- •6. The West Germanic lengthening of consonants or Germination
- •7. The second consonant-shifting (High German).
- •8. The ablaut in the Indo-European languages and Germanic languages.
- •9. The Proto-Germanic phonology. The vowels.
- •Vowel Triangle Front Back
- •Vowel system’s Processes :
- •10. The umlaut in Old Germanic languages.
- •11. The inflectional system of Proto-Germanic: general concept.
- •12. The verb categories in Old Germanic languages.
- •13. Strong verbs in Gothic language.
- •I minor class – haitan
- •II minor class – letan
- •14. The weak verbs in Old Germanic languages.
- •2. Second Weak Conjugation.
- •3. Third Weak Conjugation.
- •4. Fourth Weak Conjugation
- •15. Preterite-present verbs in Old Germanic languages.
- •16. The verbals in Old Germanic languages. Infinitive and participle: their origin and morphological categories.
- •17. Nominal parts of speech in Old Germanic languages, their morphological categories.
- •18. Old Germanic noun and its morphological categories.
- •19. The morphological structure of the noun in Proto-Germanic.
- •20. Old Germanic strong declension of nouns. P. 73
- •21. Old Germanic weak declension of nouns.
- •22. Old Germanic strong and weak declension of adjectives.
- •23. The pronoun in Old Germanic languages: its morphological categories.
- •Demonstrative
- •24. The vocabulary of Proto-Germanic. (p 101-103)
- •25. The Indo-European legacy in the Germanic vocabulary: the notion of isogloss.
- •Western branch ( Centum): Celtic, Italic (Latin), Germanic, Anatolian, Hellenic, Tocharian Eastern branch (Satem): Baltic, Slavonic, Arminian, Albenian, Aranian, Indo-aryan (Indic), Thracian
- •27. Old Germanic vocabulary: borrowings. The notions of substratum and superstratum.
- •28. Simple and composite sentence characteristics in Old Germanic languages.
- •29. The concept of the comparative method: reconstruction and asterisk. P 20.
- •30. The concept of the Indo-Europeans and Indo-European family of languages.
- •31. The Indo-European tree-diagram of languages: the notions of parent language, daughter languages and dialect; genetically related languages and closely related languages.
- •32. The home of the Indo-Europeans: the existing concepts.
- •33. The concept of Centum and Satem languages.
- •34. Old Germanic of the Indo-European languages. Basic division. The concept of Proto-Germanic.
- •35. Periodization of Old Germanic languages. Old North Germanic languages: general characteristics.
- •37. The West Germanic tree-diagram of languages.
- •38. The East Germanic branch of languages: general characteristics.
- •39. The North Germanic branch оf languages: general characteristics.
- •40. Old Germanic alphabets. The distinguished written records.
- •41. The Runic alphabet, its origin.
- •42. Old English literary monuments.
- •43. Old Icelandic and its literary monuments.
- •The Eddas
- •Skaldic poetry
- •44. Old Saxon and its written records.
- •45. Pliny’s classification of the Germanic tribes.
- •47. The age of migrations: the Visigoths.
- •49. Division of the Frankish Empire and its linguistic consequences.
- •IiIc ad…..Vc – started the creation of Frankish empire
- •50. Old Germanic mythology and beliefs (general outline).
- •Viking:
- •53. Old Frisian ethnic community: geographical, cultural, and linguistic evidence.
- •55. Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians: their original home and migration to the British Isles.
- •56. Paganism vs. Christianity in Old Germanic ethnic communities.
- •57. Old Germanic peoples’ beliefs and mythology.
8. The ablaut in the Indo-European languages and Germanic languages.
The vowels played an important part in the grammar of Proto-Indo-European, because of the way they alternated in related forms (as in Modern English sing, sang, sung), and this system descended to Proto-Germanic. There were several series of vowels that alternated in this way. Each member of such a series is called a grade (ступінь), and the whole phenomenon is known as gradation or ablaut.
Ablaut is an independent vowel intergange unconnected with any phonetic condition; different vowels appear in the same environment,surrounded by the same sound.
The rise of ablaut is partly connected with the movement of z stress: In PIE the accent was free, in Germanic it was retracted to the initial syllable of voice
Ablaut was inherited by PG from PIE.
The Germanic l-ges employed both types of Ablaut – Qualitative and Quantitative.
In the Germanic languages it was most consistently used in building the principal forms of the verbs.
There are 3 types of ablaut: ( p.70)
quantitative (altenation of short & long vowels).
IE e>zero, o>zero, short e> long e, short o> long o.
Gr. pater- patros(gen.)
Lat. sedo – sedi
Germ. e>zero, a > zero, short e > long e, short a > long o
OE ber – beron
qualitative ( the vowels differ in quality- change of front vowels into back)
IE e>o
везу-возити; нести-ноша.
Germ. i/e > a, i>u
Got. drigkan- dragk
OE þencan- þank
Merowingi – Nibelungi
qualitative – qualitative
IE e> o> zero.
Рус. беру- сбор-брать
Germ. i/e > a, a >long o
OHG beran – barn- giburt
OE faran – for – foron – faren
There are 5 classes of ablaut:
I: i: - ai – i – i
II: iu – au –u – u
III: i – a – u – u
IV: i – a – ē – u
V: i - a – ē – i.
Ablaut is used in strong verbs in Gothic l-ges.
9. The Proto-Germanic phonology. The vowels.
Indo-European language-based system consisted of five vowels and five short and long A,O,U,I,E. Vowels a, o, e are mainly stressed syllables, so they are called essential, loud I, U were originally only in unstressed syllables, because it is believed that they developed during the reduction of diphthongs. Unstressed long vowels were reduced in neutral sound, called “shva” and indicate on the sign…/ /
The early period of Germanic sound system was characterized by a clear difference between short and long vowels.
Vowel Triangle Front Back
( lift ) High i u
Mid e o
Low a
There were 8 monophthongs and 3 diphthongs in PG.
Diphthongs: /ai/, /eu/, /au/.
IE short /a/ and /o/ merged in PG short /a/.
IE long vowels were unchanged. /i/>/i/, /u/>/u/. IE long /a/ and /o/ merged in PG long /o/.
In Early PG there were 4 long vowels: /i/, /u/, /o/ /e/. Then appeared /a/.
Long diphthongs were unstable in IE and turned into short diphthongs or long vowels
Features :
strict differentiation of short and long vowel phoneme
tendency to positional assimilative changes
the contrast of short and long vowels is supported by different directions of their change
while long vowels generally tended to become closer and to diphthongize, short vowels, on the contrary, often changed into more open sounds :
/ \ u i / \ u i/
\ o e / \ o e/
\ a / \/ a/