- •Unit 1 the verb
- •§ 2. According to their morphological structure verbs are divided into:
- •§ 3. The basic forms of the verb in Modern English are: the Infinitive, the Past Indefinite and Participle II: to speak – spoke - spoken.
- •§ 4. According to the syntactic function of verbs, which depends on the extent to which they retain, weaken or lose their meaning, they are divided into notional verbs, auxiliary verbs and link verbs.
- •§ 7. As has already been mentioned, the verb has the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
- •§ 9. Voice is the category of the verb which indicates relation of the predicate to the subject and the object.
- •§ 10. Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality.
- •My daughter
- •My father
- •Unit 2 the present indefinite
- •The present continuous
- •Ex. 17
- •Ex. 26
- •Ex. 29
- •The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Revision of the Present Tenses
- •Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present forms.
- •Ex. 8 Fill in: yet, already, since, for, usually, tonight, how long, ever, at the moment or still.
- •Ex. 12
§ 7. As has already been mentioned, the verb has the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood.
In Modern English there are but few forms indicating person and number in the synthetic forms of the verb. These are:
(1) The third person singular Present Indefinite Indicative — he speaks.
(2) The Future Indefinite tense.
I shall speak We shall speak
He will speak They will speak
Note! Although the use of shall in the 1st person singular and plural has become out-of-date. Will is now used in all persons.
§ 8. The category of tense is very clearly expressed in the forms of the English verb. This category denotes the relation of the action either to the moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future. The category of tense and the category of aspect are intermingled.
The category of aspect shows the way in which the action develops, whether it is in progress or completed, etc. In Russian 'he category of aspect predominates, and the category of tense is subordinated to it. In English contrariwise the category of tense predominates and aspect is subordinated to it. Some of the English tenses denote time relations, others denote both time and aspect relations. There are four groups of tenses: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous. The Indefinite form has no aspect characteristics whatever, the Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous forms denote both time and aspect relations. Each of these forms includes four tenses: Present, Past, Future and Future in the Past, i.e. future from the point of view of the past. Thus there are 16 tenses in English.
§ 9. Voice is the category of the verb which indicates relation of the predicate to the subject and the object.
There are three voices in English: the active voice, the passive voice, and the neuter-reflexive voice.
The active voice shows that the person or thing denoted by subject is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate.
The passive voice shows that the person or thing denoted the subject is acted upon.
The neuter-reflexive voice shows that the action expressed by the predicate passes on to the subject. This voice is formed by means of a reflexive pronoun.
e.g. Helen lifted herself up and looked towards nurse. (Gaskell)
The truth was, Mary was dressing herself. (Qaskell)
§ 10. Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality.
We distinguish the indicative mood, the imperative mood, and the subjunctive mood.
Ex. 1
State the morphological composition of the verbs.
To be, to divorce, to marry, to get, to relate, to descend, to inherit, to remarry, to originate, to look after, to bear, to extend, to educate, to reverse, to keep, to behave, to deal, to crown, to acquire, to pursue, to quit, to engage, to blackmail, to remain, to break down, to nickname, to rename, to christen, to entitle, to resemble, to take after, to approach, to pass away, to authenticate, to cease, to contemplate, to dilute, to swell, to bring up, to understand, to yell, to reduce, to forbid, to whitewash, to disobey, to apologize.
Ex. 2
While reading the text find the verbs and define their types according to the syntactic function.